UMary Allen
Intshayelelo: Ilizwe Elinomtsalane leMbala yeNkomo yemfuzo
Iinkomo sesinye sezona zilwanyana zasekhaya zibalulekileyo emhlabeni, zisinika ubisi, inyama kunye nofele. Kodwa ngaphaya kokubaluleka kwazo kwezoqoqosho, iinkomo zikwayizidalwa ezinomtsalane ezinemikhwa ekhethekileyo, kuquka umbala wazo owahlukileyo omnyama nomhlophe. Imizila yemfuza ebangela ukuba inkomo ibe nombala ngumbandela ontsonkothileyo nobangela umdla oye wabangela umdla kwizazinzulu nakubafuyi kangangeenkulungwane.
Ukuqonda imfuzo yombala wenkomo kunemisebenzi ebonakalayo ekuzaleni izilwanyana, kodwa kukwanika ukukhanya kwindaleko kunye nebhayoloji yezi zilwanyana zimangalisayo. Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga imigaqo esisiseko yofuzo lombala wenkomo, indima ye-melanin kumbala wenkomo, kunye nohlobo oluthile olulawula umbala omnyama nomhlophe, omnyama oqinileyo, kunye nombala omhlophe kwiinkomo.
I-Genetics esisiseko yoMbala weNkomo
Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, iinkomo zizuza iimpawu zazo zemfuza kubazali bazo. Kwiimazi, iijini ezilawula umbala zifumaneka kwiichromosomes zesilwanyana. Inkomo nganye ineekopi ezimbini zechromosome nganye, yaye ikhromozomu nganye inemizila emibini yemfuza elawula imibala. Le mizila yemfuza iza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ezibizwa ngokuba ziialleles, ezinokulawula okanye ziphindaphindeke.
Ukuqonda imfuzo yombala wenkomo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini zemibala emisela umbala: i-eumelanin, evelisa umbala omnyama nomdaka, kunye nepheomelanin, evelisa umbala obomvu notyheli. Ubungakanani kunye nokusabalalisa kwezi pigments kugqiba umbala wedyasi yenkomo. Nangona kunjalo, iijini ezithile ezilawula umbala azisoloko zithe ngqo, kwaye zininzi izinto ezinokuchaphazela ukubonakaliswa kwezi mfuzo.
Imfuza elawulayo kunye neRecessives elawula umbala wenkomo
Kufuzo lombala wenkomo, zimbini iindidi eziphambili zemfuza: eyongameleyo kunye ne-recessive. Iimfuza ezilawulayo zibonakaliswa nokuba inkomo inekopi enye kuphela yemfuza, ngelixa i-recessive gene ibonakaliswa kuphela ukuba inkomo ineekopi ezimbini zofuzo.
Lo mzila wemfuza ulawula umbala omnyama kwiimazi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba xa inkomo ifumana ikopi enye yalo mzila, iya kuba nedyasi emnyama. Umzila wemfuza olawula umbala obomvu, kwelinye icala, u-recessive, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inkomo kufuneka izuze iikopi ezimbini zalo mzila ukuze ibe nedyasi ebomvu.
Ngokufanayo, i-gene elawula umbala omhlophe nayo iyaphindaphinda. Oku kuthetha ukuba inkomo kufuneka ilifa iikopi ezimbini zofuzo ukuze ibe mhlophe. Ukuba inkomo inekopi enye kuphela yemfuza emhlophe, iya kuba nombala owahlukileyo wedyasi, ogqitywe zezinye imfuza ezizuza njengelifa.
Ukuqonda indima yemfuza elawulayo kunye ne-recessive kubalulekile kubafuyi bezilwanyana, abanokusebenzisa olu lwazi ukuzalanisa ngokukhetha iinkomo ezinombala othile.
Ukuqonda indima yeMelanin kuMbala weNkomo
Imelanin luhlobo lwesidali-bala esinoxanduva lombala wezilwanyana ezininzi, kuquka iinkomo. Kwiinkomo, i-melanin iveliswa kwiiseli ezikhethekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-melanocytes, ezibekwe eluswini kunye neefollicle zeenwele. Iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili ze-melanin, i-eumelanin kunye ne-pheomelanin, zijongene nomnyama kunye nomdaka, kunye nombala obomvu kunye nophuzi, ngokulandelanayo.
Ubungakanani kunye nokuhanjiswa kwe-melanin kwidyasi yenkomo kumisela umbala wayo. Umzekelo, ukuba inkomo ivelisa i-eumelanin eninzi kunye ne-pheomelanin encinci kakhulu, iya kuba nedyasi emnyama okanye emnyama. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuba inkomo ivelisa i-pheomelanin eninzi kunye ne-eumelanin encinci kakhulu, iya kuba nedyasi ebomvu okanye etyheli.
Imfuza yokuveliswa nokuhanjiswa kwemelanin intsonkothile, yaye kubandakanyeke imizila yemfuza emininzi. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu zichonge ezinye zezakhi zofuzo eziphambili ezilawula ukuveliswa kwe-melanin kunye nokusabalalisa kwiinkomo.
Imfuzo yeemazi eziMnyama neziMhlophe ezinamachokoza
Iinkomo ezinamachokoza amnyama namhlophe yenye yeendlela eziqaphelekayo zombala wenkomo, kwaye zisisiphumo sophawu oluthile lofuzo. Ijini elawula umbala omnyama yeyona ibalaseleyo, njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, kodwa kukwakho nejini elilawula ukuhanjiswa kombala omhlophe.
Lo mfuza ubizwa ngokuba yi "white spotting" gene, kwaye inoxanduva lwendlela eyahlukileyo yamachokoza amnyama namhlophe emazi. Umzila wemfuza onamabala amhlophe uza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, okanye iialleles, ezinokuvelisa iipateni ezahlukeneyo zombala omhlophe. Ezinye iiallele zivelisa amabala amancinci amhlophe, ngelixa ezinye zivelisa iindawo ezinkulu ezimhlophe. Ukudityaniswa okuthe ngqo kwe-alleles kumisela ipateni yamabala amhlophe kwidyasi yenkomo.
Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ijini yamabala amhlophe inokuchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kwemelanin kwidyasi yenkomo. Iimazi ezinealleles ezithile ezimhlophe zinokuba nemelanin eninzi kwiindawo zazo ezimnyama, ngelixa ezinye zinokuba ngaphantsi, okukhokelela kumbala omnyama okhanyayo okanye omnyama.
Imfihlelo Yeenkomo Ezimnyama Eziqinileyo: Inkcazo yemfuzo
Iimazi ezimnyama eziqinileyo azixhaphakanga kunemazi ezimnyama namhlophe ezinamachokoza, kwaye imfuzo yazo iseyimfihlakalo noko. Umzila wemfuza olawula umbala omnyama ukhonya, njengoko besitshilo ngaphambili, kodwa iinkomo ezimnyama eziqinileyo azinambala omhlophe kwaphela.
Enye ithiyori yeyokuba iinkomo ezimnyama zomeleleyo zinotshintsho kumzila wemfuza wamabala amhlophe othintela ukusasazwa kombala omhlophe. Enye ithiyori yeyokuba kukho umzila wemfuza owahlukileyo olawula ubukho okanye ukungabikho kombala omhlophe, kwaye iinkomo ezimnyama eziqinileyo aziwufuzi tu kwaphela umzila wemfuza omhlophe. Uphando oluthe kratya luyafuneka ukuqonda imfuzo yenkomo ezimnyama eziqinileyo.
Iimazi eziMhlophe kunye neGene eThintela ukuba nebala lebala
Iimazi ezimhlophe zinqabile, kodwa ziyenzeka kwezinye iindidi. Umzila wemfuza olawula umbala omhlophe uyaphindaphinda, njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambilana, kodwa kwiinkomo ezimhlophe, lo mzila ubonakaliswa ngokupheleleyo.
Ijini elawula umbala omhlophe ibizwa ngokuba yi "albino", kodwa oku kuyalahlekisa ngandlel' ithile. Izilwanyana ze-Albino azikho ngokupheleleyo ukuveliswa kwe-melanin, kodwa iinkomo ezimhlophe zisavelisa i-melanin, nje ayanele ukwenza idyasi enemibala. Umbala omhlophe kwiinkomo sisiphumo sejini esithintela ukuveliswa kwemelanin esikhumbeni nasezinweleni.
Iimazi zeenkomo ezimhlophe zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuzala ukuze zenze iipateni ezithile zemibala, njengoko inzala yazo inokufumana ilifa lemfuza emhlophe ize ivelise iidyasi ezimhlophe okanye ezimhlophe.
Indima ye-Epigenetics kuMbala weNkomo
I-Epigenetics luphononongo lwendlela imfuza elawulwa ngayo kwaye ibonakaliswe, kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo kumbala wenkomo. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Epigenetic kunokuchaphazela ukubonakaliswa kweejene ezilawula ukuveliswa kwe-melanin kunye nokusabalalisa, kunye ne-white spotting gene kunye nezinye izakhi ezibandakanyekayo kumbala wenkomo.
Umzekelo, ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic okwaziwa njenge-DNA methylation kunokuthulisa ijene elawula ukuveliswa kwe-melanin, okukhokelela kumbala okhanyayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuguqulwa kwe-histone kunokuchaphazela ukubonakaliswa kwemfuza elawula indawo emhlophe, okukhokelela kwiipateni ezahlukeneyo zombala omhlophe.
Ukuqonda indima ye-epigenetics kumbala wenkomo yindawo yophando olusebenzayo, kwaye ineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo zokuzaliswa kwezilwanyana kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezithile kunye neekhemikhali ezinokuchaphazela ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic.
IGenetics yoMbala weNkomo: Isishwankathelo soPhando lwangoku
Ufuzo lombala wenkomo ngumbandela ontsonkothileyo nonika umdla ofundwe kangangeenkulungwane. Izazinzulu ziye zachonga uninzi lwemfuza ephambili elawula ukuveliswa kwemelanin kunye nokusasazwa, kunye nejini enemibala emhlophe kunye nealbino.
Inkqubela phambili yamva nje kwitekhnoloji ye-genomic ivumele izazinzulu ukuba zifunde yonke i-genome yenkomo, kwaye oku kuye kwakhokelela ekufunyanisweni okutsha malunga nemfuza yombala wenkomo. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi baye bafumanisa izakhi zofuzo ezintsha ezilawula indawo emhlophe kunye nezinye iimpawu zemibala, kwaye baye bafumana ubungqina bokuhluka kofuzo phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkomo.
Ukuqonda imfuzo yombala wenkomo kuneendlela ezisebenzayo zokuzalanisa izilwanyana, kodwa kukwakhanyisela ngendaleko kunye nebhayoloji yezi zilwanyana zimangalisayo.
Ukubaluleka kuQoqosho loMbala weNkomo
Umbala wenkomo uneempembelelo ezibalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kushishino lobisi kunye nenyama yenkomo. Abathengi badla ngokukhetha iipateni zemibala ethile, kwaye oku kunokuchaphazela ixabiso lentengiso yesilwanyana ngasinye.
Umzekelo, iinkomo ezinamachokoza amnyama namhlophe zihlala zithandwa kwimveliso yobisi, njengoko zidibene nezivuno eziphezulu zobisi. Kwimveliso yenyama yenkomo, iipateni ezithile zombala zinokudityaniswa nomgangatho ophezulu wenyama okanye ixabiso lemarike.
Ukuqonda imfuzo yombala wenkomo kunokunceda abafuyi bakhethe ukuzalanisa izilwanyana ezinemibala enqwenelekayo, kwaye kunokwazisa amacebo okuthengisa kunye nezigqibo zamaxabiso.
Ikamva leMbala yeNkomo yemfuzo: uFundo olutsha kunye nezicelo
Uphononongo lwemfuzo yombala wenkomo yindawo yophando olusebenzayo, kwaye izinto ezintsha zifunyanwa ngalo lonke ixesha. Inkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji ye-genomic kunye ne-epigenetics ivumela izazinzulu ukuba ziqonde ngcono imfuzo yombala wenkomo, kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo kunye nokuziphatha ezichaphazela ukubonakaliswa kwemfuza.
Kwixesha elizayo, olu lwazi lunokusetyenziswa ekuphuhliseni iindlela ezintsha zokuzala, ukuphucula impilo yezilwanyana kunye nentlalontle, kunye nokudala iimveliso ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe obuxhamla kumashishini obisi kunye nenyama yenkomo.
Ukuqukumbela: Uphononongo oluqhubekayo lweGenetics yoMbala weNkomo
Umbala wenkomo ngumbandela obangel’ umdla oye wabangela umdla kwizazinzulu nakubafuyi kangangeenkulungwane. Ukuqonda imfuzo yombala wenkomo kunento esebenzayo ekuzaleni izilwanyana, kodwa kukwanika ukukhanya kwibhayoloji kunye nokuvela kwezi zilwanyana zimangalisayo.
Ufuzo lombala wenkomo ngumbandela ontsonkothileyo nonika umdla, kwaye kusekuninzi ekufuneka kufundwe. Ukuqhubela phambili kwi-teknoloji ye-genomic kunye ne-epigenetics ivumela izazinzulu ukuba ziqonde ngcono i-genetics yombala wenkomo, kwaye olu lwazi lunokusetyenziswa ekuphuculeni impilo yezilwanyana kunye nentlalontle, kunye nokudala iimveliso ezintsha kunye nobuchwepheshe obuxhamla kumashishini obisi kunye nenyama yenkomo.