Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesifo seswekile kwiikati

Iipesenti ezingama-80 zeekati ezinesifo seswekile zinengxaki yohlobo lwe-2 yeswekile. Olu hlobo lweswekile luphawulwa ngokunyusa ukutshatyalaliswa kweeseli ze-beta ezivelisa i-insulin kwi-pancreas kunye nokunciphisa uvakalelo lwe-insulin receptors kwiiseli zomzimba kwi-insulin (ukuxhathisa i-insulin). Ukwenziwa kwe-insulin kunye nokukhuselwa kuyancipha ngelixa ukukhululwa kwe-insulin antagonist glucagon kuyanda. Ngenxa yoko, ubunzima bomzimba bulahlekile kwaye amanqanaba eswekile egazi anyuka.

Isigulana esiqhelekileyo sekati esinesifo seswekile sikhulile kuneminyaka elithoba, indoda, i-neutered, i-overweight, kwaye igcinwe njengekati yokuhlala. Abanini bezi kati badla ngokuza kulo mkhuba kuba kufuneka bacoce ibhokisi yenkunkuma rhoqo. Abaninzi nabo beza kuba ikati ngokukhawuleza iba yinqambi kwaye ichama kwiindawo ezingafunekiyo ( iperiuria ). Abanye baqaphela ipateni etshintshileyo yokuhamba okanye ukungabikho kwamandla okutsiba kwekati yabo. Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo ngokuqhelekileyo akuqatshelwa okanye kubonwe njengento enhle, njengoko umniniyo wacetyiswa ngexesha lokutyelela kwangaphambili kwisenzo sokuba isilwanyana sakhe esinzima sinciphise umzimba. Oku kufana nokunyuka kokusela, okuhlala kulinganiswa nempilo. Kwakhona, ukulamba rhoqo ( i-polyphagy) ayibonwa njenge-pathological, ekubeni ikati idla kakuhle ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga umnini.

Olona phawu luphambili lwesifo seswekile esingantsonkothanga kukonyuka konxano ( ipolydipsia ) kunye nokwanda kokuphuma komchamo ( i-polyuria ). Oku kunokukhokelela ekungcoleni, njengoko iikati ezininzi zingafuni ukubuyela kwibhokisi yenkunkuma esele isetyenzisiwe. Ukongeza, iikati ezininzi ezinesifo seswekile zinosulelo lwe-urinary tract, nto leyo enokukhokelela kwi-periuria ngenxa yeentlungu okanye ukwanda komchamo.

Ukungabikho kwe-insulin kukhokelela ekukhululweni okwandisiweyo kwe-insulin antagonist glucagon. IGlucagon ikhuthaza i-glycogenolysis, i. H. Ukuqhekeka kweglycogen ukusuka kwiiseli zesibindi ukuya kwiglucose. Ngapha koko, iglucagon yonyusa igluconeogenesis, i. H. ukubunjwa kweglucose entsha umz. B. Amino acids. Zombini ezi nkqubo zonyusa amanqanaba eswekile yegazi kwaye, kunye nokuncipha kokuthathwa kweglucose kwiseli, kukhokelela kumanqanaba aphezulu eswekile yegazi, kwaye hyperglycemia.

Ukuba iswekile yegazi inyuka ngaphezu kwe-250 mg / dl (14 mmol / l), i-glucose ikhutshwe kumchamo kwaye ingabonwa kumchamo kunye ne-test strip. I-glucose inefuthe elinamandla le-osmotically esebenzayo kwaye ikhokelela ekulahlekeni kwamanzi okwandisiweyo ngokusebenzisa i-urinary tract. Ikati izama ukubuyisela oku ngokusela ngaphezulu. Ekubeni umchamo okhutshiweyo uneglucose kwaye uxutywe kakhulu, iindlela zokuzikhusela zendalo zomzimba aziphumeleli, nto leyo evula umnyango wokwasulelwa ngumjelo womchamo. Ezinye ii-arhente ezosulelayo (umz E. coli) ukuvelisa i-toxins evimbela ukubuyiswa kwamanzi kwiintso. Kukho ilahleko eyongezelelekileyo yolwelo, okwandisa ngakumbi ukuziva unxaniwe kwaye ngaloo ndlela ukuthathwa kwamanzi. Ukulahleka kolwelo ngomchamo kunokuba phezulu kangangokuba ikati ayikwazi ukuyihlawula ngokusela ngaphezulu. Ezi zigulana ziphelelwe ngamanzi emzimbeni, nto leyo ebonakala ngokweklinikhi ekuncitshisweni kwe-skin turgor. Kuxhomekeka kwintsilelo yolwelo, ulusu olunyusiweyo lunyamalala kancinci okanye luhlale luhleli.

Iikati ezinesifo seswekile zinyuse amanqanaba eglucose egazini, kodwa ezi zinokuthi zenzeke kwiikati ezisempilweni, ezicinezelekileyo! Ukunyuka kweswekile yexesha elide kuphela (i-fructosamine) kwiikati bubungqina besifo sikashukela. Ixabiso le-fructosamine libonisa i-avareji yeswekile yegazi kwiintsuku ezilishumi ezidlulileyo.

Ngexesha le-diabetes mellitus engantsonkothanga, iikati ezichaphazelekayo zibonisa iminqweno ( iipolyphagia ). Abanini bondla njengangaphambili okanye ngokuphawulekayo ngakumbi kuba ikati ihlala ilambile kwaye kukho ukwehla kobunzima.

Ukungabikho kwe-insulin kuthintela ukunyuswa kwe-glucose kwiseli kunye nokugcinwa kwe-glucose ngendlela ye-glycogen esibindi. Ngexesha elifanayo, i-glucose ilahleka ngomchamo. Umzimba ulahlekelwa nguvimba wamandla abalulekileyo. Ukukhutshwa okwandisiweyo kweglucagon nako kwandisa ukuwohloka kweeprotheyini ukubonelela ngee-amino acids zokwenziwa kweglucose entsha ( igluconeogenesis ). Umthombo oyintloko weprotheni yimisipha. Kukho ilahleko yobunzima bemisipha kwaye, ngenxa yokuqhekeka kweprotheyini, ukukhubazeka kwamajoni omzimba kunye nokuphazamiseka kokupholisa amanxeba. Imetabolism yamafutha nayo yonyuswa phantsi kweempembelelo zeglucagon. Kukho ukuqhekeka kwamafutha ngokukhawuleza ( lipolysis ) okukhokelela ekunyukeni kwinqanaba lamafutha egazi (lipemia) oonobangela. Amafutha akhutshwayo agcinwa esibindini, okubangela isibindi esinamafutha. Isibindi esinamafutha senza umonakalo oguqukayo kwiiseli zesibindi kunye nokwanda kwe-enzymes yesibindi i-AP (alkaline phosphatase), i-ALT (i-alanine aminotransferase), kunye ne-cholesterol kwi-serum yegazi. Hyperlipidemia inokubonwa egazini njengoko ukwanda kwe-triglycerides.

Ezinye zezigulane zinikezelwa ngenxa yokungaqhelekanga kwindlela yokuhamba. Ngokungafaniyo neebhere, ezihlala ngonyawo lwazo lonke, iikati zihamba ngeenzwane kuba zichukumisa kuphela ngeengcebiso zeenzwane zazo. Ezinye iikati ezinesifo seswekile, kwelinye icala, zihamba ngenyawo zangasemva kwaye zineengxaki zokutsibela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Le "plantigrade" gait sisiphumo somonakalo wemithambo-luvo obangelwa yi-hyperglycemia ( nesifo sesifo sikashukela ). Obu buthathaka basemva akufunekanga butolike kakubi njengengxaki yamathambo. Iyaphela xa isifo seswekile sinyangwa.

Ukuba isifo seswekile asibonwa okanye singanyangwa, isifo seswekile esingantsonkothanga sinokukhula sibe sisifo seswekile esinzima. I-fatmetabolism iyancipha kwaye ngexesha lokuphuka ngokukhawuleza kwamafutha, imizimba ye-ketone iyakhiwa. Imizimba ye-ketone inokubonwa kwigazi kunye nomchamo. I-pH yegazi itshintshela kuluhlu lwe-acidic (acidosis), kwaye isigulane sikhula ketoacidosis. Ezi zigulana ziyayeka ukutya (ukungabi namdla wokutya), ziye zingabi namdla kwaye ubomi bazo busengozini. Kufuneka balaliswe esibhedlele kwaye banikwe ukhathalelo olunzulu. Ukubhubha kwabantu kuphezulu.

Iikati ezininzi ezinesifo seswekile zineengxaki ezifana ne-B. izifo ze-urinary tract okanye izifo zamazinyo, ezenza unyango lwesifo sikashukela lube nzima okanye lungenakwenzeka. Ngoko ke, ukuxilonga isifo seswekile kuhlala kubandakanya ukuhlolwa ngokucokisekileyo komlomo womlomo kunye nesimo somchamo. Ukongeza, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ujonge i-pancreatic lipase ye-feline-specific, njengoko ezinye izigulana zinengxaki yokudumba kwe-pancreatic. Kwizigulane ezikhulileyo, ixabiso le-T4 kufuneka kwakhona lizimisele ukukhupha i-hyperthyroidism (i-thyroid esebenzayo).