UMary Allen
Intshayelelo: Ukubaluleka kokukhutshwa komchamo kwiintlanzi
Iintlanzi, njengezinye izilwanyana ezinomqolo, zivelisa inkunkuma ye-metabolic ekufuneka ikhutshelwe emizimbeni yazo. Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokuphelisa inkunkuma kwiintlanzi kungokusebenzisa umchamo. Izintso zentlanzi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukulingana kwamanzi kunye ne-ion yemizimba yazo ngokuhluza igazi kunye nokukhupha ii-ion ezingaphezulu kunye namanzi ngomchamo. Inkqubo ye-urinary nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ibhalansi ye-acid-base, ukususwa kwenkunkuma ye-nitrogen, kunye nokulawula uxinzelelo lwegazi. Ngoko ke, nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka ekukhunjweni komchamo kunokuba nemiphumo ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yeentlanzi kunye ne-ecosystem yamanzi.
Indima yezintso kwiintlanzi zamanzi acocekileyo
Izintso zeentlanzi zasemanzini acocekileyo zinoxanduva lokugcina ibhalansi yamanzi kunye neeonini emizimbeni yazo. Iintlanzi zamanzi acocekileyo zijongene nokungena kwamanzi rhoqo emizimbeni yazo ngenxa ye-osmosis. Ukugcina ibhalansi, intlanzi yasemanzini kufuneka ikhuphe amanzi ngokuqhubekayo. Izintso zeentlanzi zasemanzini acocekileyo zivelisa umchamo omkhulu wokuhlambulula ukuze ukhuphe amanzi amaninzi kwaye ugcine ibhalansi ye-osmotic efanelekileyo. Baphinda bafake ii-ion ezifana ne-sodium, i-chloride, kunye ne-calcium ukusuka kumchamo ukukhusela ukulahleka kwe-ion eninzi. Izintso zeentlanzi zasemanzini acwengileyo zikwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekususeni inkunkuma yenitrogen njenge ammonia kunye ne urea egazini.
Impembelelo yoMlinganiso waManzi kwiNgxobhozo yoMchamo
Ukulingana kwamanzi ngumba obalulekileyo ochaphazela ukukhutshwa komchamo kwiintlanzi. Iintlanzi ezihlala emanzini ezinoxinzelelo oluphantsi lwee-ion ezinyityilisiweyo, ezifana namanzi acocekileyo, zijongana nokungena kwamanzi rhoqo emizimbeni yazo ngenxa ye-osmosis. Oku kuthontelana kwamanzi kunokubangela ukuhlanjululwa okugqithisileyo kolwelo lomzimba, okukhokelela kukungalingani kwe-electrolyte kunye nokudumba kweeseli. Ukugcina ukulungelelana okufanelekileyo kwamanzi kunye nee-ion, iintlanzi zasemanzini ahlambulukileyo kufuneka zikhuphe amanzi ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokuchasene noko, iintlanzi ezihlala emanzini ane-ion ephezulu, njengamanzi olwandle, zijongene nengxaki eyahlukileyo. Kufuneka balondoloze amanzi ngokukhupha umchamo omncinci. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, izintso zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukulingana kwamanzi kunye ne-ion kunye nokukhupha umchamo.
Indima yeeHormones ekulawuleni ukukhutshwa komchamo
IiHormones zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukukhutshwa komchamo kwiintlanzi. Ihomoni ivasopressin (okanye ihomoni ye-antidiuretic) ilawula ukugqobhoza kwemibhobho yezintso eqokelela amanzi. Kwiintlanzi zamanzi acocekileyo, i-vasopressin ikhutshwa xa umzimba ufumanisa umthamo wegazi ophantsi okanye i-osmolality ephezulu yegazi. I-Vasopressin yonyusa ukubuyiswa kwamanzi kwimibhobho yokuqokelela izintso, inciphisa ukuphuma komchamo. Ngokufanayo, i-hormone aldosterone ilawula ukubuyiswa kwakhona kwee-ion ezifana ne-sodium kunye ne-chloride kwi-distal tubules yezintso. I-Aldosterone ikhutshwa xa umzimba ufumanisa umthamo wegazi ophantsi okanye uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi. Yandisa i-reabsorption ye-sodium kunye ne-chloride, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwabo kumchamo.
Impembelelo yeMiba yokusiNgqongileyo kuMsebenzi wezintso
Imiba yokusingqongileyo efana nobushushu, i-pH, kunye namanqanaba e-oksijini anyibilikileyo inokuchaphazela kakhulu ukusebenza kwezintso kwiintlanzi. Ukusebenza kwezintso yeyona nto ilungileyo phakathi koluhlu olumxinwa lweemeko zokusingqongileyo. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokunyusa amanqanaba e-metabolic kunye neemfuno ze-oxygen, ezikhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwezintso. Amanqanaba eoksijini ancibilikisiweyo asezantsi nawo anokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwezintso ngokunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kweoksijini kwizintso. Amanqanaba e-pH aphezulu okanye aphantsi angachaphazela ukunyibilika kwee-ion, okukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwibhalansi ye-ion kunye nokusebenza kwezintso. Ngoko ke, iimeko zokusingqongileyo kufuneka zilawulwe ngononophelo ukuze kugcinwe iintlanzi ezisempilweni.
Iziphumo zeziNgcolisi kwiNgxobhozo yoMchamo kwiintlanzi
Izinto ezingcolisayo ezifana nezinyithi ezinzima kunye ne-organic compounds ziyakwazi ukuqokelela kwiintlanzi zeentlanzi kwaye zichaphazele umsebenzi wezintso. Iintsimbi ezinzima ezifana nelothe, imekyuri, kunye necadmium zinokonakalisa izihlunu zezintso kwaye ziphazamise ukusebenza kwezintso, nto leyo ekhokelela kukuphazamiseka kokuphuma komchamo. Iikhompawundi ze-Organic ezifana ne-pesticides kunye neekhemikhali zemizi-mveliso zinokuqokelelana kwizintso kwaye ziphazamise ukusebenza kwazo. Ezi zingcolisi zinokuchaphazela amanqanaba ehomoni, okukhokelela kutshintsho kwibhalansi yamanzi kunye ne-ion kunye nokukhutshwa komchamo.
Indima yokutya kwi-Urinary Excretion
Ukutya kunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukukhutshwa komchamo kwiintlanzi. Ukutya kweentlanzi eziphezulu kwiprotheyini kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kwemveliso yenkunkuma ye-nitrogenous efana ne-ammonia kunye ne-urea, ukwandisa umthwalo womsebenzi kwizintso. Ngokufanayo, ukutya okuphezulu kwityuwa kunokuchaphazela ibhalansi ye-ion kwaye kwandise umthwalo womsebenzi kwizintso. Kwelinye icala, ukutya okuphezulu kwifayibha kunokunciphisa umsebenzi kwizintso ngokunciphisa imveliso yenkunkuma enenitrogen.
Ukubaluleka kweGlomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) kwiintlanzi
I-Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ngumlinganiselo wesantya igazi elihluzwa ngalo kwizintso. I-GFR yiparameter ebalulekileyo yokuvavanya ukusebenza kwezintso kunye nokukhutshwa komchamo kwiintlanzi. Ukuncipha kwe-GFR kungabonakalisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezintso, okukhokelela ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa komchamo kunye neengxaki zempilo ezinokwenzeka. Ke ngoko, ukubeka iliso kwi-GFR kubalulekile ekugcineni iintlanzi ezisempilweni.
Impembelelo yoBubushushu kwiNgxobhozo yoMchamo
Ubushushu bunokuchaphazela kakhulu ukukhutshwa komchamo kwiintlanzi. Ukushisa kwamanzi aphezulu kunokunyusa amazinga e-metabolic kunye neemfuno ze-oksijini, ezikhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwezintso kunye nokukhutshwa komchamo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubushushu bamanzi aphantsi bunokunciphisa amazinga e-metabolic kunye neemfuno ze-oxygen, ezikhokelela ekusebenzeni kwezintso kunye nokukhutshwa komchamo. Ngoko ke, ulawulo lobushushu lubalulekile ekugcineni iintlanzi ezihlala zisempilweni.
Ukuqukumbela: Iimpembelelo kwiMpilo yeeNtlanzi kunye neNdawo yokuphilisana kwezilwanyana namanzi amatsha
Ukukhutshwa komchamo yinkqubo ebaluleke kakhulu yokugcina amanzi kunye ne-ion ibhalansi yentlanzi kunye nokususa inkunkuma ye-metabolic emizimbeni yazo. Nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka kokukhutshwa komchamo kunokuba nemiphumo ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yeentlanzi kunye ne-ecosystem yamanzi acocekileyo. Izinto ezifana nokulungelelana kwamanzi, iihomoni, izinto ezisingqongileyo, ungcoliso, ukutya, kunye nesantya sokuhluzwa kweglomerular zonke zinokuchaphazela ukukhutshelwa komchamo kwiintlanzi. Ngoko ke, ukulawulwa ngononophelo kwezi zinto kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe inani leentlanzi ezisempilweni kunye ne-ecosystem esempilweni yamanzi acocekileyo.