UMary Allen
Intshayelelo: Intlanzi kwi-Animal Kingdom
Iintlanzi liqela elahlukileyo lezilwanyana zasemanzini ezikwi phylum Chordata, ekwaquka izilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, izirhubuluzi kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini. Intlanzi iphinda ihlelwe ngokweendidi ezininzi, kubandakanywa izibane ezingenamihlathi kunye ne-hagfish, i-cartilaginous sharks kunye nemitha, kunye ne-bony fish, ezenza uninzi lweentlobo zeentlanzi. Iintlanzi ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-ikhosistim yehlabathi, zibonelela ngokutya kwabantu nezinye izilwanyana, kwaye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhweleni ibhayisekile kwezondlo kunye nokuhanjiswa kwamandla.
Imvelaphi yeentlanzi
Iintlanzi zavela kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini zakudala ezaziphila kwiminyaka engama-500 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Izilwanyana zokuqala ezifana nentlanzi zazingenamihlathi, zingenamaphiko ambini, yaye zigqunywe ngamaxolo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezi zilwanyana zaguquka zaba yintlanzi enemihlathi enamaphiko adityanisiweyo, nto leyo eyavumela ukuhamba nokulawula ngakumbi emanzini. Ukuvela kwesinyi sokuqubha, ilungu elizaliswe yigesi elinceda iintlanzi ukuba zilawule ukuxhaphaka kwazo, kwavumela ukuba kubekho iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlanzi.
I-Anatomy yentlanzi: Iimpawu zangaphandle
Iintlanzi zinemilo yomzimba elungelelanisiweyo eyenzelwe ukuhamba kakuhle emanzini. Zigqunywe kwizikali, ezikhusela ulusu lwabo kwaye zinceda ekunciphiseni ukutsala. Iintlanzi zinamaphiko, asetyenziselwa ukuqondisa nokuqhuba, kunye neegill, ezikhupha ioksijini emanzini. Ukumila kunye nokuma kwamaphiko entlanzi kunokunika umkhondo kwindlela yokudada kunye nendawo yokuhlala.
I-Anatomy yentlanzi: Amalungu angaphakathi
Iintlanzi zinenkqubo elula yokwetyisa equka umlomo, ummizo, isisu kunye namathumbu. Bakwanentliziyo enamagumbi amabini, empompa igazi kwiiseli zabo nakumzimba wabo wonke. Intlanzi inamalungu angaphakathi ahlukeneyo, kuquka i-swim bladder, isibindi kunye nezintso, ezinceda ukulawula imisebenzi yazo yomzimba kunye nokugcina i-homeostasis.
Izihlunu kunye neNtshukumo yeentlanzi
Iintlanzi zinezihlunu ezinamandla ezinoxanduva lokuqubha. Indlela ezilungelelaniswe ngayo ezi zihlunu, kunye nokumila nokushukuma kwamaphiko entlanzi, oko kumisela indlela edada ngayo. Ezinye iintlanzi, njengetyhuna nookrebe, zifuduka kakhulu yaye zinokudada imigama emide ngesantya esiphezulu. Ezinye iintlanzi, ezifana ne-angelfish kunye ne-seahorses, ziye zaqhelana nendlela yokuphila yokuhlala kwaye zineendlela ezicothayo, ezenziwe ngabom.
Iimvakalelo zeentlanzi: Umbono, ukuva, kunye nokunye
Iintlanzi zixhomekeke kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezivamvo zokujonga indawo ezikuyo kwaye zikhangele ixhoba. Zinombono obalaseleyo, ezinye iintlobo ziyakwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet. Iintlanzi nazo zinenkqubo yomgca wecala, ezivumela ukuba zibone ukungcangcazela kunye nokutshintsha koxinzelelo lwamanzi. Bayakwazi ukubona iindawo zombane, okubalulekileyo kwezinye iintlobo ezisebenzisa obu buchule bokufumana ixhoba kunye nokuhamba kumanzi amdaka.
Ukuzala kunye noMjikelo woBomi beentlanzi
Iintlanzi zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzala, kunye neentlobo ezibeka amaqanda kwaye ezinye zizala ukuba ziphile zincinci. Iintlobo ezininzi zeentlanzi zinezithethe ezintsonkothileyo zokuthandana, apho iinkunzi zibonisa imibala eqaqambileyo okanye zenza imidaniso entsonkothileyo ukuze zitsaleleke kumaqabane awo. Umjikelo wobomi bentlanzi unokwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile, kanti abanye baphila iminyaka embalwa kuphela kwaye abanye bahlala amashumi eminyaka.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentlanzi: Ukusuka kwi-Shark ukuya kwi-Ray-finned Fish
Iintlanzi liqela lezilwanyana ezahlukahlukeneyo ezimangalisayo, ezineentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-32,000 ngoku ezaziwa kwisayensi. Oku kuquka ookrebe, abangabanye bamaxhoba oyika kakhulu elwandle, kunye neentlanzi ezine-ray-finned, ezenza uninzi lweentlobo zentlanzi. Amanye amaqela aphawulekayo eentlanzi aquka i-eels, i-seahorses, kunye ne-anglerfish, ezilungelelanise izicwangciso ezikhethekileyo zokusinda kwiindawo zabo zokuhlala.
Ukuziqhelanisa neeNtlanzi zoLwandle Olunzulu
Iintlanzi zolwandle olunzulu zijongene nemingeni ekhethekileyo ngenxa yemekobume egqithisileyo ezihlala kuyo. Iintlanzi ezininzi ezise-deep-sea ziye zaqhelana nokungabikho kokukhanya ngokwenza amalungu e<em>bioluminescent, eziwasebenzisela ukutsala ixhoba okanye ukunxibelelana nezinye iintlanzi. Ezinye iintlanzi zolwandle zikwanamalungu akhethekileyo azivumela ukuba ziphile kwiindawo ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu.
Indima yeentlanzi kwi-Ecosystems
Iintlanzi zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo zehlabathi, zisebenza njengezilwanyana ezizingelayo kunye nexhoba. Zingumthombo obalulekileyo wokutya kwabantu kunye nezinye izilwanyana, kwaye ilindle lazo kunye nemizimba ebolileyo inegalelo kumjikelezo wezondlo kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini. Iintlanzi zikwanceda ukugcina ulungelelwaniso lwendalo yasemanzini ngokulawula abemi bezinye iintlobo kunye nokusebenza njengezalathi zempilo yokusingqongileyo.
Izoyikiso Ezijongene Nabemi beentlanzi
Ubuninzi beentlanzi ehlabathini lonke busengozini ngenxa yezinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo ehlala kuyo, nongcoliseko. Ukuhla kwenani leentlanzi kunokuba neziphumo ezide kwi-ecosystem kunye noluntu lwabantu, kunye noluntu oluninzi oluxhomekeke kwiintlanzi zokutya kunye nokuphila.
Isiphelo: Kutheni kubalulekile ukuqonda iintlanzi
Ukuqonda intlanzi kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukubaluleka kwazo kwindalo kunye nezoqoqosho, kunye namandla azo njengemizekelo yophando lwezenzululwazi. Ngokufunda intlanzi, sinokufumana ulwazi malunga nokuvela kobomi eMhlabeni, kunye nonxibelelwano oluntsonkothileyo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, ukuqonda izoyikiso ezijongene nabemi beentlanzi kunokusinceda siphuhlise amacebo olondolozo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokuzinzileyo kobutyebi basemanzini.