Grotto Olm

I-amphibian engabonakaliyo sisilwanyana esingaqhelekanga. Yintoni eyenza ibe yinto ekhethekileyo kukuba ichitha ubomi bayo bonke njengohlobo lombungu. Ngoko akaze akhule ngokupheleleyo, kodwa unokuzala

iimpawu

Zikhangeleka njani iigrotto olms?

I-olm yeyodidi lwee-amphibians kwaye apho ngokomyalelo we-caudal amphibians. I-olm ifana nembungu enkulu okanye i-eel encinci. Ikhula ngama-25 ukuya kwi-30 yeesentimitha ubude. Intloko incinci kwaye i-spatulate ngaphambili, amehlo afihliweyo phantsi kwesikhumba kwaye angabonakali. I-grotto olm ayisakwazi ukubona kunye nabo, iyimfama.

Imilenze yangaphambili ne yangasemva nayo ayibonakali kakuhle, mincinci kwaye ibhityile kwaye nganye ineminwe emithathu okanye iinzwane kuphela. Umsila uthe tyaba emacaleni kwaye unemithungo ecekethekileyo efana ne-fin.

Ngenxa yokuba iiolms zihlala kwimiqolomba emnyama, imizimba yazo iphantse ingabi nambala. Ulusu lutyheli-mhlophe kwaye uyakwazi ukubona imithambo yegazi kunye namanye amalungu angaphakathi ngalo. Xa i-olm ibonakaliswe ekukhanyeni, amabala amnyama avela esikhumbeni. Oku kungqina ukuba iiolms azizo albhinos, azikhuphi umbala womzimba. Azidingi ezi pigments kuba zihlala kwimiqolomba emnyama.

I-olm iphefumla ngemiphunga yayo. Nangona kunjalo, ikwanepere ezintathu zeegill ezibomvu ngasemva kwentloko yayo. Zonke izibungu ze-amphibian zineengqungquthela ezinjalo zegill, kuquka i-tadpoles yamasele, umzekelo. Kwimeko ye-olm, nangona kunjalo, izilwanyana ezindala nazo zinama-gill tufts. Into yokuba izilwanyana ezizalayo nazo zineempawu zemibungu ibizwa ngokuba yi-neotony.

Zihlala phi iigrotto olms?

I-olm yenzeka kuphela kwiintaba ze-limestone ezisempuma yoLwandle lwe-Adriatic ukusuka kumntla-mpuma we-Italiya ngokudlula eSlovenia nakwintshona yeCroatia ukuya eHerzegovina. Ngenxa yokuba iigrotto olms zithathwa njengemvakalelo, ezinye izilwanyana zakhululwa ngenkulungwane yama-20 eJamani - eHermannshöhle kwiiNtaba zeHarz - eFrance nakwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yase-Itali.

I-olm ihlala kuphela kwiindawo ezikhukulayo okanye kwimithombo emiqolombeni emnyama, efumileyo. Amanzi kufuneka acoceke kwaye abe neoksijini. Ubushushu bamanzi kufuneka bube sibhozo ukuya kwi 17 degrees celcius. Izilwanyana ziyakwazi ukumelana namaqondo abandayo okwexeshana. Ukuba amanzi ashushu kune 18 degrees celcius, amaqanda kunye nemibungu ayinakuphinda ikhule.

Zeziphi iintlobo zeegrotto ezikhoyo?

I-olm kuphela kweentlobo ze-genus Proteus. Izihlobo zayo ezisondeleyo ziinewts zaseMntla Melika. Kunye nabo, i-grotto olm yenza usapho lwe-olme. Ekuphela kwendlela engaphezulu komhlaba ye-olm yomqolomba yafunyanwa eSlovenia. Izilwanyana zimnyama ngombala kwaye zinamehlo aphuhlileyo. Abaphandi abakaqiniseki ukuba ezi zilwanyana ziyi-subspecies.

Ingaba iigrotto olms ziba neminyaka emingaphi?

Emva kokubona izilwanyana ezilahliweyo, kucingelwa ukuba ii-olms ze-cave zingaphila iminyaka engama-70. Abanye abaphandi bacinga ukuba bade baphile iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100.

Ziphathe

Ziphila njani iigrotto olms?

I-olm yafunyanwa kuphela ngenkulungwane ye-17. Ngenxa yokuba babengazi ukuba baluhlobo luni lwesilwanyana esingaqhelekanga ekuqaleni, bade babizwe ngokuba “ziintsana zamadragoni”. Kunqabile ukuba uhlobo oluthile lungaze lufike kwinqanaba labantu abadala. Ukongeza kwiGrottenholm, le nto yenzeka kwezinye iisalamanders ezingenamiphunga, ezifana ne-Texan fountain newt.

IiOlms ziyakwazi ukuphefumla ngemiphunga yazo nangeembilini zazo. Xa zigcinwe kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, ngamanye amaxesha zide zirhuqe emhlabeni ixeshana elifutshane. Kuba iiolms zihlala kwimiqolomba emnyama, zisebenza unyaka wonke nangawo onke amaxesha emini. Banengqiqo yamagnetic - into ebizwa ngokuba yi-lateral line organ. Bangayisebenzisa ukuziqhelanisa kwindawo abahlala kuyo. Kwakhona bava kakuhle kakhulu kwaye baziva kakuhle ukujoja. Ukuba ukukhanya kungena emqolombeni, banokukubona oku ngeeseli zeemvakalelo eluswini.

Eyona nto ingaqhelekanga nge-olm kukuba inokukhula ibe mdala kakhulu ngaphandle kokubonisa naziphi na iimpawu zokuguga emzimbeni wayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba izilwanyana aziguquki ngaphandle kumashumi eminyaka. Abaphandi abakayazi ukuba kutheni le nto kunjalo. Nangona kunjalo, basebenzela ukufumanisa ukuba ingalibaziseka njani inkqubo yokuguga kwii-vertebrates nasebantwini.

Abahlobo kunye neentshaba zomqolomba olms

Kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga neentshaba zendalo ze-olm. Ezi kukholelwa ukuba ziquka i-crayfish kunye ne-parasite efumaneka kuphela kwimizimba ye-cave olms.

Zivelisa njani iigrotto olms?

Ummandla ongqindilili ojikeleze i-cloaca ubonisa ukuba i-olm iyakwazi ukuzala. Ukudumba kungqindilili kwiinkunzi, akubonakali kangako kwiimazi kwaye amaqanda ngamanye amaxesha anokubonwa ngesikhumba. Ngenxa yokuba izilwanyana zihlala emiqolombeni, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kunzima ukubona ukukhula kwezilwanyana kwindalo. Kwaye akuzange kufumaneke amaqanda ezinye emiqolombeni. Imibungu emincinci nayo ayifane ifunyanwe.

Indlela ezikhula ngayo izilwanyana ke ngoko yaziwa kuphela ngokuqwalaselwe kwii-aquariums okanye kwizilwanyana ezikhutshwe emiqolombeni eFransi. Iimazi zikhula ngokwesini xa zineminyaka eli-15 ukuya kweli-16, kodwa zizala kuphela emva kweminyaka eli-12.5. Ukuba izilwanyana zigcinwe kwi-aquaria, zikhula ngokukhawuleza ngokwesondo. Oku mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba bafumana ukutya okuninzi apho.

Iinkunzi zinemimandla emincinci ngexesha lokuthandana, ezikhuselayo kubantu abakhuphisana nabo kwimilo eqatha. Izilwanyana ziyaluma zodwa, ngamanye amaxesha zide ziphulukane neentsinjana kule milo. Ukuba imazi ingena kwintsimi, ijikelezwe ngokushukumisa umsila. Emva koko indoda ibeka ipakethi yembewu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-spermatophore, phantsi kwamanzi. Imazi iqubha phezu kwayo kwaye ithathe ipakethi yembewu kunye necloaca yayo.

Emva koko imazi iqubha isiya kwindawo yokuzimela. Bakhusela indawo ejikeleze indawo yabo yokufihla, indawo yokuzala, ngokuchasene nabahlaseli ngokulunywa. Emva kweentsuku ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu, imazi iqalisa ukubeka amaqanda ize ibeke amaqanda amalunga nama-35 anobukhulu obuziimilimitha ezine. Emva kokuba amantshontsho eqanduselwe, imazi iyaqhubeka ikhusela indawo yokuzalela yaye ngaloo ndlela ikhusela amantshontsho ayo. Amaqanda angagadwanga kunye namantshontsho adla ngokutyiwa zezinye iiolms.

Ukuphuhliswa kombungu kuthatha malunga neentsuku ezingama-180. Xa zifikelela kubukhulu obuziimilimitha ezingama-31, ziye zisebenze. Ngokuchaseneyo nezilwanyana "ezidala" i