Mau Oyamba: Udindo wa Ubongo mu Luntha la Zinyama

Ubongo ndiye chiwalo chofunikira kwambiri m'thupi, chimayang'anira ntchito zonse za thupi. Lilinso ndi udindo wa luntha ndi luso la kuzindikira, monga kukumbukira, kuphunzira, kuthetsa mavuto, ndi kupanga zisankho. Zinyama zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mapangidwe a ubongo ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhudza luso lawo lachidziwitso ndi makhalidwe awo. Kuphunzira za ubongo wa nyama kungatithandize kumvetsetsa kusinthika kwa luntha komanso kusiyana kwa zamoyo.

Kuchuluka kwa Ubongo ndi Thupi: Muyeso wa Luntha?

Njira imodzi yofananizira ubongo wa nyama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero cha ubongo ndi thupi, chomwe ndi chiŵerengero cha kukula kwa ubongo ndi kukula kwa thupi. Chiŵerengerochi nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati muyeso wa luntha, popeza nyama zokhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba zimakhulupirira kuti zili ndi luso lapamwamba la kuzindikira. Komabe, muyesowu uli ndi malire, chifukwa nyama zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi thupi ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndipo nyama zina zimatha kukhala ndi ubongo waukulu koma osati nzeru zambiri.

Ndi Zinyama Ziti Zomwe Zili ndi Ubongo Wolemera Kwambiri?

Pankhani ya kukula kwaubongo kotheratu, ubongo wolemera kwambiri ndi wa nyama zazikulu kwambiri, monga anamgumi, njovu, ndi ma dolphin. Mwachitsanzo, ubongo wa sperm whale ukhoza kulemera makilogalamu 18, pamene ubongo wa njovu ukhoza kulemera makilogalamu 11. Zinyamazi zimakhalanso ndi ubongo ndi thupi, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ubongo wawo ndi waukulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi lawo.

Ubongo wa Njovu: Chiwalo Chovuta komanso Champhamvu

Njovu zili ndi ubongo waukulu kwambiri kuposa nyama iliyonse yapamtunda, ndipo ubongo wawo ndi wocholoŵana kwambiri ndiponso wapadera. Ali ndi hippocampus yopangidwa bwino, yomwe imayang'anira kukumbukira ndikuyenda kwa malo, komanso prefrontal cortex yayikulu, yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kupanga zisankho komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Njovu zimadziwika ndi luso lapamwamba la kuzindikira, monga kudzizindikira, chifundo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida.

Ubongo wa Dolphin: Maluso Apamwamba Ozindikira

Ma dolphin amakhalanso ndi ubongo wawukulu komanso wovuta, wokhala ndi neocortex yotukuka kwambiri, yomwe imayang'anira ntchito zapamwamba zachidziwitso monga chilankhulo, kuthetsa mavuto, ndi luso. Ma dolphin amadziwika chifukwa chanzeru zawo, luso lolankhulana, komanso luso logwiritsa ntchito zida ndikuthana ndi ntchito zovuta. Amakhalanso ndi makina omvera apadera, omwe amawalola kuti azitha kumveka bwino komanso kuyenda m'malo omwe ali pansi pamadzi.

Ubongo wa Orangutan: Complex Social Interactions

Anyaniwa ali ndi ubongo waukulu poyerekeza ndi anyani ena, ndipo ubongo wawo ndi wapadera pocheza komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida. Amakhala ndi prefrontal cortex yayikulu, yomwe imakhudzidwa pakupanga zisankho ndikukonzekera, komanso lobe yanthawi yayitali yopangidwa bwino, yomwe imayang'anira mawonekedwe owoneka ndi makutu. Anyaniwa amadziwika kuti ndi anzeru, achifundo, komanso amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zothetsera mavuto ndikupeza chakudya.

Ubongo wa Chimpanzi: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida ndi Kulankhulana

Anyani ali ndi kapangidwe kaubongo komwe kamafanana ndi anthu, okhala ndi prefrontal cortex yayikulu komanso malo otukuka bwino ogwiritsira ntchito zida ndi kulumikizana. Amadziwika ndi luso lawo logwiritsa ntchito zida zosaka ndi kusonkhanitsa, komanso nzeru zawo zamagulu ndi luso loyankhulana. Anyani amakhalanso ndi mlingo wapamwamba wodzizindikira ndipo amatha kudzizindikira okha pagalasi, chizindikiro cha luso lapamwamba la kuzindikira.

Ubongo Wamunthu: Luso Lachidziwitso Losayerekezeka

Ubongo wamunthu ndi ubongo wovuta komanso wovuta kwambiri kuposa nyama iliyonse, yokhala ndi prefrontal cortex, neocortex, ndi madera apadera achilankhulo, malingaliro, ndi luso. Anthu ali ndi nzeru zosayerekezeka, monga kuganiza mozama, kuthetsa mavuto, ndi kuphunzira chikhalidwe. Ubongo wathu umakhalanso wosinthika kwambiri ndipo amatha kuphunzira ndikusintha moyo wathu wonse.

Kufananiza Mapangidwe a Ubongo Pamitundu Yamitundu

Ngakhale kuti nyama zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ubongo wosiyanasiyana komanso kukula kwake, palinso zofanana pakati pa zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, nyama zambiri zili ndi madera apadera okhudza kumverera, kuyendetsa galimoto, ndi kukumbukira. Kuwerenga momwe ubongo umapangidwira pamitundu yonse ya zamoyo kungatithandize kumvetsetsa kusinthika kwa luntha komanso kusiyana pakati pa kuzindikira kwa nyama ndi anthu.

Evolution of Animal Intelligence

Chisinthiko cha nzeru ndi njira yovuta komanso yopitilira, yokhudzidwa ndi majini, chilengedwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zinyama zosiyanasiyana zasintha maluso osiyanasiyana anzeru kuti zigwirizane ndi malo awo ndikupulumuka. Mwachitsanzo, nyama zina zakhala ndi luso lapadera losaka nyama, kulankhulana, kapena kucheza ndi anthu. Kumvetsa mmene nyama zinasinthira kungatithandize kuzindikira zamoyo zosiyanasiyana komanso kucholoŵana kwa chilengedwe.

Kutsiliza: Udindo wa Ubongo Pakuzindikira Luntha

Ubongo umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pozindikira luntha ndi luso la kuzindikira, koma sizinthu zokhazo. Zinyama zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mapangidwe a ubongo ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhudza luso lawo lachidziwitso ndi makhalidwe awo. Chisinthiko cha nzeru ndi njira yovuta komanso yopitilira, yokhudzidwa ndi majini, chilengedwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kuphunzira za ubongo wa nyama kungatithandize kumvetsa kusiyana kwa zamoyo komanso kucholowana kwa chilengedwe.

Zofotokozera: Maphunziro ndi Akatswiri M'munda

• Marino, L. (2017). Chidziwitso cha zinyama: Chisinthiko, khalidwe, ndi kuzindikira. Oxford University Press.
• Shettleworth, SJ (2010). Chidziwitso, chisinthiko, ndi khalidwe. Oxford University Press.
• Striedter, GF (2016). Mfundo za kusintha kwa ubongo. Sinauer Associates.