Ndi mtundu uti womwe umagwirizana kwambiri ndi kavalo?

Mawu Oyamba: Kufufuza makolo a kavalo

Hatchiyo ndi nyama yochititsa chidwi komanso yamphamvu kwambiri imene yachititsa chidwi anthu kwa zaka zambirimbiri. Mbiri yake ndi yolumikizana kwambiri ndi ya chitukuko cha anthu, popeza mahatchi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri ngati mayendedwe, ulimi, ndi nkhondo. Choncho, kumvetsa makolo a mahatchi ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi kwambiri imene anthu ambiri amaphunzira, chifukwa imatithandiza kumvetsa mmene nyama ndiponso anthu asinthira.

Gulu la kavalo la taxonomic

Hatchiyo ndi ya banja la Equidae, lomwe limaphatikizapo mbidzi ndi abulu. Amatchulidwa kuti Equus ferus, yomwe imagawidwanso m'magulu angapo monga mahatchi apakhomo ( Equus ferus caballus ) ndi kavalo wa Przewalski ( Equus ferus przewalskii ), omwe ndi osowa komanso omwe ali pangozi omwe amapezeka ku Mongolia okha. Msonkho wa kavalo wakhala nkhani yotsutsana kwambiri kwa zaka zambiri, monga momwe asayansi amavutikira kugwirizanitsa umboni wa morphological ndi majini. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ya zamoyo za m’maselo kwathandiza ofufuza kumvetsa bwino mmene kavaloyo anapangidwira komanso mmene imakhalira ndi zamoyo zina.

Kupenda chibadwa cha kavalo

Ma jini a kavalo ndi ovuta komanso amitundumitundu, okhala ndi ma jini ambiri ndi zizindikiro za chibadwa zomwe zimakhudza maonekedwe ndi khalidwe lake. Asayansi agwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana pofufuza chibadwa cha kavalo, kuphatikizapo kutsatizana kwa DNA ndi ma genomics oyerekeza. Chinthu chimodzi chofunika kwambiri chimene kapeza n’chakuti kavalo ali ndi milingo yotsika kwambiri ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini poyerekeza ndi zamoyo zina, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kukhala chifukwa cha kuŵetedwa kwake ndi kuswana kosankhidwa ndi anthu kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, kavaloyo akuwonetsabe makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a thupi ndi makhalidwe omwe asintha kupyolera mwa kusankha kwachilengedwe ndi njira zina zachisinthiko.

Kuzindikiritsa achibale apamtima a hatchiyo

Achibale apafupi kwambiri a kavalo ndi bulu ndi mbidzi, zomwe zimagawana kholo limodzi ndi hatchi yomwe idakhalako zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo. Komabe, ubale weniweni wa zamoyo zimenezi udakali mkangano, popeza asayansi ena amatsutsa kuti bulu ndi mbidzi ziyenera kuikidwa m’magulu a kavalo m’malo mwa mitundu yosiyana. Mitundu ina yomwe ili yogwirizana kwambiri ndi kavalo ndi monga zipembere, tapir, ndi hyrax, zonse zomwe zili m'gulu la Perissodactyla, kapena zosadziwika bwino.

Mbiri yachisinthiko ya equids

Mbiri yachisinthiko ya equids ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi yomwe imatenga zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Ma equids akale omwe amadziwika kuti amakhala ku North America pafupifupi zaka 50 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo anali agalu ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi zala zinayi kumapazi akutsogolo ndi atatu kumapazi akumbuyo. M’kupita kwa nthawi, nyama zimenezi zinasintha n’kukhala zazikulu komanso zapadera kwambiri, ndipo mahatchi amakono anatuluka pafupifupi zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo. Kusintha kwa kavaloyo kunapangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa nyengo, malo okhala, ndi mpikisano ndi zamoyo zina.

Kuyerekeza kavalo ndi zilombo zina

Ungulates, kapena nyama zoyamwitsa, ndi gulu la nyama zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimaphatikizapo akavalo, zipembere, tapirs, nswala, ndi zina zambiri. Ngakhale kuti zimasiyana, nyamazi zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimafanana, monga mano apadera opera mbewu zolimba komanso zosinthika pothamanga ndi kudumpha. Hatchiyi ndi yodziŵika chifukwa cha miyendo yake yayitali, yowonda komanso kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mtunda wautali, zomwe zapangitsa kuti ikhale nyama yotchuka komanso yothandiza kwa anthu m'mbiri yonse.

Kupenda mtunda wa majini pakati pa mitundu

Kutalikirana kwa majini pakati pa zamoyo ndi muyeso wa momwe zimayenderana ndi DNA yawo. Mtundawu ukhoza kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana, monga kutsata ndondomeko ndi kufufuza kwa phylogenetic. Asayansi agwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezi poyerekezera chibadwa cha kavalo ndi mitundu ina, ndipo apeza kuti n’chogwirizana kwambiri ndi bulu ndi mbidzi. Komabe, mtunda wa majini pakati pa mitundu imeneyi ukadali waukulu, kusonyeza kuti iwo anasiyana wina ndi mzake zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo.

Kufufuza makolo wamba a kavalo

Makolo wamba a kavalo ndi mitundu yomwe adachokerako pakapita nthawi. Makolowa akuphatikizapo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya equids, monga kavalo wa zala zitatu (Hipparion) ndi kavalo wamiyendo (Merychippus). Kuwerenga zamitundu yamakoloyi kumatha kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira pakusinthika kwa kavalo ndikusintha kwake kumalo osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kavalo wamiyendo yopingasa anali ndi miyendo yaitali, yowonda yomwe ankaigwiritsa ntchito pothamanga pa udzu wotseguka, pamene kavalo wamiyendo itatu anali woyenerera bwino kusakasaka pa zitsamba ndi mitengo.

Mitundu yokhala ndi ubale wakutali kwambiri

Mitundu yomwe ili kutali kwambiri ndi kavalo ndi yomwe ili yamagulu kapena magulu osiyanasiyana, monga anyani, mbalame, ndi zokwawa. Mitundu iyi imagawana kholo limodzi ndi hatchi yomwe idakhalapo zaka mazana mamiliyoni zapitazo, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo idasinthika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kutalikirana pakati pa mitundu iyi kumawonekera m'mapangidwe awo osiyanasiyana, machitidwe, ndi ma genetic.

Udindo wa molecular phylogeny mu gulu

Molecular phylogeny ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha majini kuti akonzenso ubale wa chisinthiko pakati pa zamoyo. Njira imeneyi yasintha kwambiri ntchito ya taxonomy, chifukwa imathandiza asayansi kugawa zamoyo malinga ndi kufanana kwawo kwa majini osati maonekedwe awo. Molecular phylogeny yathandiza kwambiri m’magulu a kavalo ndi achibale ake, popeza yathandiza kuthetsa mikangano yambiri ya misonkho imene yabuka kwa zaka zambiri.

Zokhudza kumvetsetsa chisinthiko

Kumvetsetsa malo a kavalo pa zinyama kuli ndi tanthauzo lofunika kwambiri pa kumvetsetsa kwathu za chisinthiko ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Tikamaphunzira za makolo a mahatchi komanso mmene majini ake anapangidwira, tingathe kumvetsa bwino mmene zinthu zamoyo zimakhalira padziko lapansi pano. Kudziwa zimenezi kungathandizenso kuteteza zachilengedwe zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, monga akavalo a Przewalski.

Kutsiliza: Malo a kavalo pazinyama

Pomaliza, kavalo ndi nyama yochititsa chidwi ndiponso yofunika kwambiri imene yathandiza kwambiri m’mbiri ya anthu. Makolo ake ndi majini ake amapereka chidziŵitso chofunika kwambiri cha kusinthika kwa nyama, ndipo achibale ake apamtima amaphatikizapo bulu ndi mbidzi. Ngakhale kuti ubale wa kavalo ndi zamoyo zina udakali mkangano, kupita patsogolo kwa biology ya mamolekyulu kwathandiza kumveketsa bwino kagulu kake ka taxonomic ndi kuunikira mbiri yake yachisinthiko. Pamapeto pake, malo amene mahatchi ali m’zinyama amasonyeza kuti padziko lapansili pali zamoyo zosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta kumvetsa.