Mphamba

Nkhokwe ndi alenje abwino kwambiri: Ndi njira yawo yapadera yowulukira, amasaka mbalame zina mumlengalenga kapena amawulukira pansi pa nyama.

makhalidwe

Kodi nkhandwe zimawoneka bwanji?

Falcons ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Ali ndi mutu waung'ono, maso akuluakulu, ndi mlomo woweta ngati mbalame zodya nyama. Thupi lake n’lowonda, mapiko ake ndi aatali ndi osongoka, ndipo mchira wake ndi waufupi. Zala zamapazi awo ndi zazitali komanso zamphamvu, zomwe zimawalola kuti agwire nyama yawo mwaluso. Akazi a mphako nthawi zambiri amakhala aakulu kuposa amuna. Izi zimatchedwanso "Terzel", lomwe limachokera ku Latin "tertium", kutanthauza "chachitatu".

Mwachitsanzo, nkhono zaku America ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri. Amangotalika masentimita 20 mpaka 28 ndipo amalemera magalamu 100 mpaka 200 okha. Kutalika kwake ndi 50 mpaka 60 cm. Msana wamphongo wamphongo uli ndi mapiko ofiira ngati dzimbiri komanso mapiko amtundu wa buluu wotuwa. Mimba ndi yopepuka komanso yamatope. Chovala chapamutu ndi chotuwa-buluu. Falcon yaku America ili ndi mikwingwirima itatu yakuda pamutu. Zazikazi zili ndi mapiko ofiira a dzimbiri ndi zingwe zakuda zingapo kumchira, pamene zazimuna zimakhala ndi gulu limodzi lokha lakuda.

Koma falcon ya saker ndi imodzi mwa mbalame zazikulu kwambiri. Ndi mbalame yosaka nyama ndipo ndi mbalame yamphamvu kwambiri. Amuna ndi akazi a falcon saker amawoneka ofanana ndipo motero amakhala osasiyanitsidwa. Kumtunda kwa thupi kumakhala kofiirira, mchira wake ndi wofiirira pang'ono pamwamba. Mutu ndi pamimba zimakhalanso zopepuka kuposa thupi. Mbali yakumtunda kwa thupi ndi yakuda komanso yomangika kuposa ya m'munsi mwa thupi.

Mbalame ya saker ili pakati pa 46 ndi 58 centimita wamtali ndipo ili ndi mapiko otalikirapo kuyambira 104 mpaka 129 centimita. Mapiko ake ndi aatali komanso osongoka, koma otakata kuposa mwachitsanzo B. mphako. Gologolo wamwamuna amalemera magalamu 700 mpaka 900 okha, pamene akazi amalemera magalamu 1000 mpaka 1300. Mapazi - omwe amatchedwanso mafangs - ndi achikasu mwa nyama zazikulu ndi buluu mwa ana. Saker falcons akhoza kusokonezedwa ndi ana aang'ono aperegrine falcons koma amakhala ndi mutu wopepuka.

Mmodzi mwa mphako zazikulu kwambiri mbadwa kwa ife ndi peregrine falcon. Amuna amalemera magalamu 580-720, wamkazi mpaka 1090 magalamu. Msana wake ndi wotuwa. Khosi ndi mutu ndi zakuda-imvi. Mzere wakuda wa ndevu umaonekera pakhosi lotuwa komanso tsaya loyera. Mapiko ndi aatali kwambiri. Mchira, kumbali ina, ndi waufupi kwambiri.

Kodi mbalamezi zimakhala kuti?

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nkhanu imagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhwazi zaku America zili kwawo ku North ndi South America konse. Komabe, nyama imodzi yokha akuti inasokera ku Ulaya. Nkhokwe za Saker zimapezeka makamaka ku Eastern Europe kupita kumpoto kwa China ndi India. Zitha kupezeka ku Turkey chaka chonse. Komanso amasamukira kumadera kumpoto kwa Black Sea kupita ku Ukraine kukaswana. Ku Central Europe, amapezeka m'nkhalango za Austrian Danube. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, mitundu ingapo yoswana yawonedwanso kumapiri a Elbe Sandstone ku Saxony.

Kumbali ina, globetrotter yeniyeni, ndi peregrine falcon: imapezeka pa kontinenti iliyonse padziko lapansi. Nkhokwe zimakhala m’malo osiyanasiyana. Mbalame za ku America zimatha kusintha malo osiyanasiyana: zimapezeka m'mapaki komanso m'minda, m'nkhalango, kuchokera kuchipululu kupita kumapiri aatali.

Nkhokwe za Saker zimakhala makamaka m'nkhalango ndi m'malo owuma komanso m'zipululu. Amapezeka mpaka mamita 1300 pamwamba pa nyanja. Nkhokwe za Saker zimafuna malo akulu osakako okhala ndi malo otseguka. Peregrine falcons amakondanso malo otseguka monga zigwa za mitsinje ndi ma steppes. Amakhazikikanso pansanja za matchalitchi m'mizinda kuti abereke. Chofunika kwambiri n’chakuti m’derali mumakhala mbalame zambiri zimene zimadya mbalamezi.

Kodi pali mitundu yanji ya nkhanu?

Padziko lonse lapansi pali mitundu yopitilira 60 ya mphako. Zina mwa zodziwika bwino ndi kaphazi, kaphazi, kaphokoso wamitengo, kaphokoso kakang'ono, kaphokoso kakang'ono, kaphokoso kofiira, kaphokoso Lanner, kaphokoso ka Eleonora, ndi kaphazi. Nkhokwe za m'chipululu ndi Barbary ku North Africa ndi alenje aluso kwambiri. Falcon wa ku prairie amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa USA komanso ku Mexico.

Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya falcon yokha. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 20 ya kestrel, yobadwira ku America kuchokera ku Alaska kumpoto mpaka ku Tierra del Fuego kumwera. Ma subspecies awa amatha kukhala amitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Khalani

Kodi mbalamezi zimakhala bwanji?

Nsomba za ku America ndi alenje aluso kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, amakonda kubisalira m’misewu pofuna nyama, kumene amakhala pamitengo kapena pamitengo. Nkhokwe za Saker ndi alenje ankhanza kwambiri komanso ouluka mwachangu. Kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjetsa nyama zawo ndi kuukira kodzidzimutsa kwamphezi.

Chifukwa chakuti ali aluso alenje, nkhanu zoŵeta zoŵeta zimaphunzitsidwabe ku Asia masiku ano kuchita zinthu zimene zimatchedwa kusaka kapena kupha makoko. Mukhozanso kunyamula nyama mpaka kukula kwa kalulu. Falcon ya saker nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "Saker" ndi ma falconers.

Njira yakale yosaka nyama ya falconry idayamba kuchitidwa ndi anthu oyendayenda m'mapiri a Asia ndipo idafalikira ku China ndi Japan koyambirira kwa 400 BC. Anali wofunika kwambiri ku khoti la Genghis Khan. Falconry anabwera ku Ulaya ndi Huns. M'dziko lathu zidasungidwa kwa olemekezeka.

Falconry imatchedwanso kusaka. Mawu oti "Beiz" amachokera ku "kuluma". Chifukwa mbalamezi zimapha nyama ndi kuluma pakhosi. Pamafunika kuleza mtima kwambiri kuphunzitsa phazi kusaka, chifukwa mbalame zodya nyama, kuphatikizapo kaphazi, zimakhala zovuta kuziweta. Popeza kuti mbalameyo poyamba imakhala padzanja la mlenjeyo posaka, chinthu choyamba chimene imafunika kuchita ndi kuzolowera kukhala padzanja modekha.

Kuti tichite izi, iyenera kunyamulidwa kwa maola angapo tsiku lililonse. Kuonjezera apo, ntchentche zimasiya kuopa agalu omwe amatsagana ndi kusaka. Makhalidwe achilengedwe a mbalame amawagwiritsa ntchito pakusaka falcony: nkhanu zimatha kuwona bwino patali ndikuwonera nyama zakutali.

Kuti mbalameyo isavutike, imavala chipewa cha mphako ikamasaka bola itakhala pa dzanja la mphakoyo. Chophimbacho chimachotsedwa pokhapokha ngati chiyenera kugunda nyama. Chinthu choyamba chimene mbalameyi imawona ndi nyama. Imawulukira m'manja mwa mphako ndikupha nyama. Mbalamezo zimaphunzitsidwa kuti zigwire nyama yawo ndikukhala nayo mpaka alenje ndi agalu atayandikira.

Kuti athe kupeza falcon bwino, imavala mabelu kumapazi ake. Falcon ikaphonya nyama yake, imabwerera kwa falconer. Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, anthu ndi mbalame zimapindula wina ndi mzake: anthu amatha kusaka nyama zomwe zikanakhala zovuta kuzipha, ndipo mphako amapeza chakudya kuchokera kwa anthu.

Azimayi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati hawking chifukwa ndi akulu pang'ono komanso amphamvu kuposa amuna. Ndi saker falcons ndi nkhanu zina, pheasants, ntchentche, njiwa, agull, abakha, atsekwe, mphutsi, mphutsi ndi khwangwala.

Kukhala falconer ndi ntchito yeniyeni, ndipo ngati mukufuna kusaka ndi falcons, muyenera kuchita maphunziro apadera: simukusowa chilolezo chosaka, komanso chilolezo chosaka nyama. Mwa njira: masiku ano ntchentche zosaka zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachitsanzo B. amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pabwalo la ndege kuthamangitsa mbalame zomwe zingakhale zoopsa kwa ndege zomwe zimayambira ngati zitalowa mu injini zawo.

Anzanu ndi adani a nkhanu

Chifukwa chakuti ndi aluso kwambiri pakuuluka komanso amphamvu kwambiri, mbalamezi zimakhala ndi adani ochepa. Nthawi zambiri, mazira kapena nyama zazing'ono zimatha kugwidwa ndi achiwembu monga makungubwi - koma nthawi zambiri amatetezedwa bwino ndi makolo. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuti, ngakhale kuti ndizoletsedwa, anthu amaba ana ang'ombe mu zisa kuti awaphunzitse kusaka.