Mary Allen
Amphibians osadziwika bwino ndi nyama yachilendo. Chomwe chimaipangitsa kukhala yapadera ndikuti imathera moyo wake wonse ngati mphutsi. Kotero iye samakula mokwanira, koma akhoza kubereka
makhalidwe
Kodi grotto olms amawoneka bwanji?
Olm ndi a m'gulu la amphibians ndipo kumeneko ndi dongosolo la amphibians a caudal. Olm amafanana ndi nyongolotsi yayikulu kapena nsonga yaying'ono. Imakula kutalika kwa 25 mpaka 30 centimita. Mutu ndi wopapatiza ndi spatulate kutsogolo, maso obisika pansi pa khungu ndipo sangathe kuwoneka. The grotto olm sangathenso kuwona nawo, ndi wakhungu.
Miyendo yakutsogolo ndi yakumbuyo nayonso sadziwika bwino, ndi yaying'ono komanso yopyapyala ndipo iliyonse ili ndi zala kapena zala zitatu zokha. Mchirawo umapendekeka m’mbali ndipo uli ndi nsonga zopyapyala ngati zipsepse.
Chifukwa olms amakhala m'mapanga amdima, matupi awo amakhala opanda mtundu. Khungu limakhala loyera mwachikasu ndipo mumatha kuona mitsempha yamagazi ndi ziwalo zina zamkati. Olm ikawonekera pakhungu, mawanga akuda amawonekera pakhungu. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti olms si maalubino, sakhala ndi mtundu wamtundu wa thupi. Safuna zopaka utoto zimenezi chifukwa amakhala m’mapanga amdima.
Olm amapuma ndi mapapo ake. Komabe, ilinso ndi mapeyala atatu a gill ofiira kumbuyo kwa mutu wake. Mphutsi zonse za amphibian zimakhala ndi mphutsi zoterezi, kuphatikizapo tadpoles, mwachitsanzo. Pankhani ya olm, komabe, nyama zakale zimakhalanso ndi gill tufts. Chodabwitsa kuti nyama zoberekera nazonso zimakhala ndi mphutsi zimatchedwa neotony.
Kodi grotto olms amakhala kuti?
Olm amapezeka m'mapiri a miyala yamchere kummawa kwa Nyanja ya Adriatic kuchokera kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Italy kudzera ku Slovenia ndi kumadzulo kwa Croatia kupita ku Herzegovina. Chifukwa chakuti ma grotto olms amaonedwa kuti ndi osangalatsa, nyama zina zinatulutsidwa m'zaka za zana la 20 ku Germany - ku Hermannshöhle kumapiri a Harz - ku France ndi m'madera osiyanasiyana a Italy.
Olm amakhala m'malo osefukira okha kapena m'akasupe m'mapanga amdima, achinyezi. Madzi ayenera kukhala aukhondo komanso okosijeni. Kutentha kwa madzi kuyenera kukhala madigiri 17 mpaka 18 Celsius. Nyamazo zimathanso kupirira kutentha kwa nthawi yochepa. Ngati madzi ndi ofunda kuposa XNUMX digiri Celsius, mazira ndi mphutsi sangathenso kukula.
Ndi mitundu yanji ya grotto yomwe ilipo?
Olm ndi mtundu wokhawo wamtundu wa Proteus. Achibale ake apamtima ndi North America ridged newts. Pamodzi ndi iwo, grotto olm amapanga banja la olme. Mtundu wokhawo womwe uli pamwamba pa nthaka wa phanga olm unapezeka ku Slovenia. Nyamazo ndi zakuda ndipo zili ndi maso. Ofufuzawo sakudziwabe ngati nyamazi ndi zamagulu ang'onoang'ono.
Kodi grotto olms amakhala ndi zaka zingati?
Pambuyo poyang'ana nyama zomwe zasiyidwa, amalingaliridwa kuti mbalame za m'mapanga zimatha kukhala zaka 70. Ofufuza ena amaganiza kuti amakhala ndi moyo zaka zoposa 100.
Khalani
Kodi grotto olms amakhala bwanji?
Olm idapezeka m'zaka za zana la 17. Chifukwa sankadziwa kuti poyamba anali nyama yachilendo yotani, ankatchedwanso “ana a chinjoka”. Ndikosowa kwambiri kuti zamoyo zisamafike pa msinkhu waukulu. Kuphatikiza pa Grottenholm, chodabwitsa ichi chimapezeka mu salamanders ena opanda mapapo, monga Texan fountain newt.
Olms amatha kupuma ndi mapapu awo komanso ndi mphuno zawo. Zikasungidwa m'malo otsetsereka, nthawi zina zimakwawa kumtunda kwakanthawi kochepa. Chifukwa chakuti olms amakhala m'mapanga amdima, amakhala achangu chaka chonse komanso nthawi zonse masana. Iwo ali ndi mphamvu ya maginito - chotchedwa lateral line organ. Atha kuzigwiritsa ntchito kuti azidzitsogolera okha kumalo awo okhala. Amakhalanso ndi makutu abwino kwambiri komanso amanunkhiza bwino. Kuwala kukalowa m'phanga, amatha kuzindikira izi kudzera m'ma cell akhungu.
Chodabwitsa kwambiri pa olm ndikuti amatha kukalamba osawonetsa zizindikiro za ukalamba mthupi lake. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti nyamazo sizisintha kunja kwa zaka zambiri. Ofufuzawo sakudziwabe chifukwa chake zili choncho. Komabe, akuyesetsa kupeza momwe kukalamba kwa nyama zamsana komanso mwa anthu kungachedwetsedwe.
Anzanu ndi adani a olms mapanga
Zochepa zimadziwika ponena za adani achilengedwe a olm. Izi amakhulupirira kuti zimaphatikizapo nkhanu ndi tizilombo tomwe timapezeka m'matupi a mbalame zam'mapanga.
Kodi grotto olms amabereka bwanji?
Dera lokhuthala lozungulira cloaca likuwonetsa kuti olm imatha kubereka. Kutupa kumakhala kokulirapo mwa amuna, sikudziwika mwa akazi ndipo mazira nthawi zina amatha kuwoneka kudzera pakhungu. Chifukwa chakuti nyamazo zimakhala m’mapanga, mpaka pano zakhala zosatheka kuona mmene nyama zikuyendera m’chilengedwe. Komanso mazira ena sanapezekepo m’mapanga. Mphutsi zazing'ono sizipezekanso kawirikawiri.
Momwe nyama zimakhalira zimadziwikiratu pazowonera m'madzi am'madzi kapena nyama zomwe zimatulutsidwa m'mapanga ku France. Akaziwo amakhwima m’kugonana akafika zaka 15 mpaka 16, koma amaberekana pafupifupi zaka 12.5 zilizonse. Ngati nyamazo zimasungidwa mu aquaria, zimakhala zokhwima kale. Izi mwina zili choncho chifukwa amapeza chakudya chochuluka kumeneko.
Amuna amakhala ndi madera ang'onoang'ono panthawi ya chibwenzi, omwe amawateteza kwa omwe akupikisana nawo pa ndewu zoopsa. Nyamazo zimalumana, nthawi zina ngakhale kutaya magill tufts pa ndewuzi. Mkazi akalowa m'gawolo, amazunguliridwa ndi kugwedeza kwa mchira. Kenako yamphongo imaika paketi ya njere, yotchedwa spermatophore, pansi pa madzi. Yaikazi imasambira pamwamba pake ndikutenga paketi yambewu ndi cloaca yake.
Kenako yaikaziyo imasambira n’kupita kumene inabisala. Amateteza malo ozungulira malo awo obisala, malo oberekera, kwa olowa ndi kulumidwa. Pambuyo pa masiku awiri kapena atatu, yaikazi imayamba kuikira mazira ndi kuikira mazira pafupifupi 35 otalika mamilimita anayi kukula kwake. Ana akamaswa, yaikazi imapitiriza kuteteza malo oberekera ndipo motero imateteza ana ake. Mazira osatetezedwa ndi ana nthawi zambiri amadyedwa ndi olms ena.
Kukula kwa mphutsi kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 180. Akafika kukula kwa mamilimita 31, amakhala achangu. Mosiyana ndi nyama "zamkulu" i