Mary Allen
Mawu akuti evolution amatanthauza chitukuko. Ndi mmene zamoyo zinasinthira. Kuchokera ku zolengedwa zosavuta, zina zambiri zatuluka. Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko chimafotokoza chifukwa chake padziko lapansi pali zomera ndi zinyama zosiyanasiyana.
Kwa nthawi yaitali, anthu sankadziwa mmene dziko ndi zamoyo zinayambira. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti mulungu ndi amene amachititsa. Izi ndi zimene Baibulo limanena, mwachitsanzo, Mulungu analenga zomera ndi zinyama ndipo pomalizira pake munthu nayenso.
M’zaka za zana la 19, makamaka, panali malingaliro atsopano ponena za mmene zolengedwa zambiri zosiyanasiyana zinayambira. Cha m’ma 1900, mfundo yakuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina inali yofala. Asayansi ambiri amaona kuti ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yofotokozera. Izi zinaganiziridwa makamaka ndi Charles Darwin wochokera ku Great Britain.
Kodi chisinthiko chimagwira ntchito bwanji?
Mwachitsanzo, nyama zikakhala ndi ana, mwanayo amakhala ndi makhalidwe ofanana ndi a makolowo. Nyamalikiti imaoneka ngati giraffe chifukwa makolo ake ankaoneka kale. Koma n’chifukwa chiyani mbalamezi zimakhala ndi makosi aatali chonchi?
Mbalameyi inachokera ku nyama zofanana zomwe zinali ndi makosi aafupi. Mafupa a nyama zoterezi apezeka. Komabe, ndi bwino kuti akalonga azikhala ndi khosi lalitali: Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti afikire masamba a mitengo yaitali kuti adye.
Kwa kanthawi, ofufuza ena ankakhulupirira kuti giraffes amakhala ndi makosi aatali chifukwa nthawi zonse amawatambasula. Thupi lanu “linakumbukira” zimenezo. Choncho, ana a giraffe akanakhalanso ndi makosi aatali.
Komabe, Charles Darwin anazindikira kuti pamene mwana wabadwa, nthawi zina zimachitika kuti chinachake "cholakwika": mwanayo amakhala wosiyana pang'ono ndi makolo. Kodi zochitika mwangozi zimasiyana bwanji? Nthawi zina kusintha kumakhala koyipa, nthawi zina kothandiza, nthawi zambiri kulibe kanthu.
Choncho giraffes zinabadwa ndi makosi aatali pang’ono kuposa a giraffes, mwangozi. Mbalame zokhala ndi makosi aatali zinali ndi ubwino wake: zinkatha kufika pamasamba aatali bwino. Mbalame zina, zokhala ndi khosi lalifupi, zinali zatsoka ndipo mwina zinafa ndi njala. Komano, akalulu okhala ndi khosi lalitali ankakhala ndi moyo wautali moti n’kubereka okha. Chifukwa chakuti makolo awo anali kale ndi makosi aatali ndithu, ana ameneŵa analinso ndi makosi aatali.
N’chifukwa chiyani anthu ena ankatsutsa chiphunzitso chakuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku zinthu zina?
Darwin anasindikiza buku lakuti On the Origin of Species mu 1859. Anthu ena sankasamala za maganizo ake chifukwa ankangosiyana maganizo pa nkhani ya kupanga. Komabe, ena anali kutsutsana ndi Darwin chifukwa chakuti chisinthiko chinakhudzanso anthu: anthu anachokera ku zolengedwa zosavuta. Iwo ankaganiza kuti limenelo linali lingaliro lonyansa kwambiri: iwo sanafune kukhala ochokera kwa anyani. N’chifukwa chake ankakonda kukhulupirira Baibulo. Anthu ena amaganizabe choncho.
Anthu ena sanamvetsetse Darwin: amakhulupirira kuti, malinga ndi Darwin, wopambana nthawi zonse amapambana. Anthu ena ankaganiza kuti zimenezi n’zoona kwa anthu. Anthu ali ndi ufulu wopha anthu ena ngati angakwanitse. Izi zikanasonyeza amene ali wamphamvu ndi woyenera kupulumuka. Choncho anthu amphamvu ayenera kupondereza kapena kupha anthu ofooka.
Ndipotu Darwin ananena kuti: “Anthu amene amazoloŵera bwino malo awo amakhala ndi moyo. Kaya iwo ali “abwino” kapena “ofunika kwambiri” monga chotulukapo chake alibe chochita ndi chisinthiko. Mwachitsanzo, pali ntchentche zambiri kuposa anthu padziko lapansi. Ntchentche zimatha kupulumuka bwino m'malo osiyanasiyana ndikuberekana bwino.