UMary Allen
Intshayelelo: Ukuphonononga umnombo wehashe
Ihashe sisilwanyana esikhulu nesinamandla esiye sathimba iingqondo zabantu kangangamawaka eminyaka. Imbali yawo ixubene ngokunzulu nempucuko yabantu, njengoko amahashe ebesetyenziselwa ukuthutha, ezolimo neemfazwe kangangeenkulungwane. Ukuqonda umnombo wehashe ke ngoko ngumbandela obangela umdla wokufunda, njengoko ukhanyisela ngendaleko yezilwanyana kunye nebutho labantu.
Ukuhlelwa kwehashe ngokwetaxonomic
Eli hashe lelentsapho yakwaEquidae, equka amaqwarhashe needonki. Ihlelwa njenge-Equus ferus, ephinde yahlulahlulwe kwiintlobo ezininzi ezifana nehashe lasekhaya (Equus ferus caballus) kunye nehashe le-Przewalski ( Equus ferus przewalskii ), luhlobo olunqabileyo nolusengozini yokuphela olufumaneka eMongolia kuphela. I-taxonomy yehashe ibingumba wengxoxo enkulu kule minyaka, njengoko izazinzulu ziye zasokola ukudibanisa ubungqina be-morphological kunye nemfuzo. Noko ke, inkqubela yakutshanje yebhayoloji yeemolekyuli incede abaphandi bayiqonde ngakumbi imizila yehashe nendlela elinxibelelana ngayo nezinye izilwanyana.
Ukuphonononga imizila yemfuza yehashe
Imizila yemfuza yehashe intsonkothile yaye intsonkothile, inemizila yemfuza eyahlukeneyo neempawu zemfuza eziphembelela inkangeleko yalo nendlela eliziphatha ngayo. Izazinzulu ziye zasebenzisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokufunda igenome yehashe, kuquka ulandelelwano lweDNA kunye nothelekiso lwegenomics. Esinye seziphumo eziphambili kukuba ihashe linomlinganiselo ophantsi weyantlukwano yemfuza xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iindidi, ekucingelwa ukuba zibangelwa ukufuywa kwasekhaya kunye nokuzaliswa okukhethiweyo ngabantu kwiminyaka engamawaka. Ngaphandle koku, ihashe lisabonisa uluhlu olubanzi lweempawu zomzimba kunye nokuziphatha eziye zavela ngokukhethwa kwendalo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ukuchonga izalamane ezisondeleyo zehashe
Ezona zalamane zisondeleyo kweli hashe yidonki kunye neqwarhashe, azalana ngesinyanya esinye nehashe elaliphila kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Noko ke, ulwalamano oluchanileyo oluphakathi kwezi zilwanyana lusengumbandela wengxoxo, njengoko ezinye izazinzulu ziqiqa ngelithi idonki neqwarha zifanele zicazululwe njengenxalenye yehashe kuneentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye iindidi ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo nehashe ziquka umkhombe, i-tapir, kunye ne-hyrax, zonke ezizezomyalelo wePerissodactyla, okanye i-odd-toed ungulates.
Imbali yendaleko yee-equids
Imbali yendaleko yee-equids sisifundo esinomdla esithatha izigidi zeminyaka. I-equids yokuqala eyaziwayo yayihlala eMntla Melika malunga ne-50 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye yayizizilwanyana ezincinci, ezilingana nenja ezineenzwane ezine ezinyaweni zazo zangaphambili kunye nezintathu ezinyaweni zazo zangasemva. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezi zilwanyana zavela kwiifom ezinkulu kunye nezikhethekileyo, kunye nehashe langoku livela malunga ne-4 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Indaleko yehashe yaphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukutshintsha kwemozulu, indawo yokuhlala, nokhuphiswano nezinye izilwanyana.
Ukuthelekisa ihashe nezinye ii-ungulates
Ii-Ungulates, okanye izilwanyana ezanyisayo ezinamanqina, liqela elahlukileyo lezilwanyana ezibandakanya amahashe, imikhombe, iitapir, amaxhama nezinye ezininzi. Ngaphandle kokwahluka kwazo, ezi zilwanyana zabelana ngezinto ezininzi ezifanayo, ezinje ngamazinyo akhethekileyo okusila izinto eziqinileyo zezityalo kunye nokuqhelaniswa nokubaleka nokutsiba. Eli hashe liphawuleka ngemilenze yalo emide ebhityileyo nobuchule balo bokubaleka ngesantya esiphezulu imigama emide, nto leyo ebangele ukuba libe sisilwanyana esithandwayo nesiluncedo ebantwini ukutyhubela imbali.
Ukuhlalutya umgama wemfuza phakathi kweentlobo
Umgama wemfuza phakathi kwezidalwa ngumlinganiselo wendlela ezisondelelene ngayo ngokusekwe kulandelelwano lweDNA yazo. Lo mgama unokubalwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nokulungelelaniswa kokulandelelana kunye nohlalutyo lwe-phylogenetic. Izazinzulu ziye zasebenzisa obu buchule ukuze zithelekise igenome yehashe nezo zezinye iintlobo, yaye ziye zafumanisa ukuba ihlobene kakhulu nedonki neqwarhashe. Nangona kunjalo, umgama wemfuza phakathi kwezi zilwanyana usemkhulu ngokwentelekiso, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba zahlukene kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Ukuphanda ngezinyanya zehashe
Izinyanya eziqhelekileyo zehashe luhlobo oluvela kuzo ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ezi zinyanya zibandakanya iintlobo ngeentlobo zeendidi ezingasekhoyo, ezifana nehashe elineenzwane ezintathu (Hipparion) kunye nehashe elinemilenze emide (Merychippus). Ukufunda ezi ntlobo zeminyanya kunokubonelela ngengqiqo ebalulekileyo kwindaleko yehashe kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ihashe elinemilenze emide lalinemilenze emide ecekethekileyo eyayilungele ukubaleka kumadlelo avulekileyo engca, ngoxa ihashe elineenzwane ezintathu lalikufanelekela ngakumbi ukukhangela amatyholo nemithi.
Iintlobo ezinobudlelwane obukude kakhulu
Iindidi ezinobudlelwane obukude kakhulu kwihashe zezo zemiyalelo okanye iiklasi ezahlukeneyo, ezifana nezilwanyana, iintaka kunye nezirhubuluzi. Ezi ntlobo zabelana ngesinyanya esifanayo kunye nehashe elaliphila kumakhulu ezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwaye ukususela ngoko zavela kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Umgama phakathi kwezi ntlobo zezilwanyana ubonakala kwiimophologies zazo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu, ukuziphatha, kunye nokwakheka kwemfuzo.
Indima ye-molecular phylogeny kuhlelo
I-molecular phylogeny kukusetyenziswa kwedatha yemfuza ukwakha kwakhona ubudlelwane bendaleko phakathi kweentlobo. Obu buchule buguqule icandelo le-taxonomy, njengoko lwenza ukuba izazinzulu zikwazi ukuhlula izinto eziphilayo ngokusekelwe kwimfuza yazo efanayo kunenkangeleko yazo. I<em>molecular phylogeny iye yanendima ebalulekileyo ekuhleleni ihashe nezalamane zalo, njengoko iye yanceda ekucombululeni iingxoxo ezininzi eziphathelele irhafu eziye zavela ukutyhubela iminyaka.
Iimpembelelo zokuqonda indaleko
Ukuqonda indawo yehashe kwizilwanyana kuneempembelelo ezibalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu indaleko kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokufunda ngomnombo wehashe kunye nemfuza, sinokuziqonda ngcono iinkqubo eziye zaxonxa ubomi obahlukeneyo eMhlabeni. Olu lwazi lusenokwazisa ngemigudu yolondolozo ejoliswe ekulondolozeni izilwanyana ezisengozini yokuphela, njengehashe lePrzewalski.
Isiphelo: Indawo yehashe kwizilwanyana
Ukuqukumbela, ihashe sisilwanyana esibangel’ umdla nesibalulekileyo esiye sanendima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu. Umnombo wayo nemizila yemfuza inikela inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ngendaleko yezilwanyana, yaye izalamane zayo ezisondeleyo ziquka idonki neqwarhashe. Nangona ulwalamano lwehashe nezinye izilwanyana lusengumbandela wengxoxo, ukuhambela phambili kwibhayoloji yeemolekyuli kuye kwanceda ekucaciseni ukuhlelwa kwetaxonomic kwaza kwasikhanyisela ngembali yalo yendaleko. Ekugqibeleni, indawo yehashe kwizilwanyana ibonisa ukungafani okumangalisayo kunye nokuntsonkotha kobomi emhlabeni.