Intshayelelo: Yintoni i-Vertebrates?

I-Vertebrates zizilwanyana ezinomqolo okanye umqolo womqolo, owenziwe ngothotho lwamathambo amancinci abizwa ngokuba yi-vertebrae. Lo mqolo unikezela ngenkxaso kumzimba kwaye ukhusela intambo yomgogodla, eyona ndlela iphambili yemithambo-luvo phakathi kwengqondo kunye nomzimba wonke. I-Vertebrates lelinye lamaqela amakhulu ezilwanyana kwaye zifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala eziseMhlabeni, ukusuka kulwandle olunzulu ukuya kwezona ntaba ziphakamileyo.

Iimpawu zeVertebrates

I-Vertebrates yabelana ngeempawu ezininzi ezizahlula kwizilwanyana ezingenamqolo, ezifana nengqondo ephuhliswe kakuhle kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous, inkqubo evaliweyo yokujikeleza kwegazi, kunye nenkqubo enzima yokwetyisa. Bakwane-symmetry yamacala amabini, okuthetha ukuba umzimba wabo wahlulwe waziqingatha ezibini ezilinganayo, kunye nentloko echazwe kakuhle enamalungu okuziva njengamehlo, iindlebe kunye neempumlo. Izilwanyana ezininzi ezinethambo lomqolo zinamathambo enziwe ngethambo okanye intlala, axhasa umzimba aze akhusele amalungu abalulekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, zonke izilwanyana ezinomqolo zizala ngokwesondo, kunye nokuchumisa kwangaphakathi kuba yinto eqhelekileyo kwiintlobo ezininzi.

Ukuhlelwa kweeVertebrates

I-Vertebrates ihlelwa yangamaqela amahlanu aphambili okanye iiklasi, ngokusekwe kwimbali yazo yendaleko kunye neempawu ze-anatomical. Olu didi ziintlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izirhubuluzi, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo. Iklasi nganye yahlulwe kwakhona yangamaqela amancinci, ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zabo ezithile kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle kokungafani kwazo, zonke izilwanyana ezinomqolo zabelana ngokhokho omnye kwaye zihlobene ngembali ende yendaleko.

Iintlanzi: I-Vertebrates yokuqala

Iintlanzi zizilwanyana ezinomqolo zokuqala ukuvela, ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-500 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Ziliqela ezahlukahlukeneyo zezilwanyana ezisusela kwiiguppies ezincinane ukuya kookrebe abakhulu bomnenga. Iintlanzi zilungelelaniswa ukuba ziphile emanzini kwaye zineembilini, ezikhupha ioksijini emanzini, endaweni yemiphunga. Kananjalo banomzimba olungelelanisiweyo kunye namaphiko, okubavumela ukuba badade ngokufanelekileyo. Iintlanzi zingumthombo obalulekileyo wokutya ebantwini kwaye zikwaxatyiswa ngobuhle bazo kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini.

Ii-Amphibians: I-Terestrial Vertebrates yokuQala

Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini zizilwanyana ezinomqolo zokuqala ukuba zibe koloni emhlabeni, malunga ne-360 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ziquka amasele, amaxoxo, salamanders, kunye caecilians. Izilwanyana zasemanzini zibonakala ngolusu lwazo olufumileyo, ezilusebenzisela ukutshintshiselana ngerhasi, kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukuphefumla ngolusu kunye nemiphunga yazo. Bakwanayo nomjikelo wobomi owahlukileyo, kunye neentlobo ezininzi ezibeka amaqanda emanzini kwaye zingena kwi-metamorphosis ukuze zibe ngabantu abadala. Izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini zizalathisi ezibalulekileyo zempilo yokusingqongileyo kwaye zisongelwa yilahleko yendawo yokuhlala kunye nongcoliseko.

Izirhubuluzi: I-Amniotes yokuqala

Izirhubuluzi zizilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zokuqala, iqela lezilwanyana ezibeka amaqanda emhlabeni, malunga ne-320 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ziquka iinyoka, amacilikishe, amafudo, iingwenya nezinye iindidi ezininzi. Izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zilungelelaniswe ukuba ziphile kwiindawo ezininzi, ukusuka kwiintlango ukuya kumahlathi emvula, kwaye zineenguqu ezininzi ezivumela ukuba zigcine amanzi kunye nokunyamezela ukushisa. Kananjalo banamaxolo okanye iipleyiti ezikhusela ulusu lwabo kwaye zinciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi. Izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zizizilwanyana ezizingelayo kunye namaxhoba kwiindawo ezininzi zendalo kwaye zikwaxatyiswa ngofele lwazo, inyama, kunye nezinye iimveliso.

Iintaka: Izilwanyana ezinentsiba

Iintaka liqela lezilwanyana ezinomqolo ezavela kwizirhubuluzi malunga ne-150 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Zibonakala ngeentsiba zazo, eziguqulwe izikali, kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukubhabha. Iintaka zilungele ukuhlala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlala, ukusuka elwandle ukuya kwintlango, kwaye zineendlela ezininzi zokuzivumela ukuba zilawule ubushushu bomzimba wazo kunye nokugcina amandla. Bakwanenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ekhule kakhulu kwaye baphakathi kwezona zilwanyana zikrelekrele. Iintaka zibaluleke kakhulu kwi-pollinators, i-seed dispersers, kunye nezilwanyana ezidliwayo kwiindawo ezininzi ze-ecosystem, kwaye zixabiswa ngenyama yazo, amaqanda kunye neentsiba.

Izilwanyana ezanyisayo: Ezona Vertebrates ziPhezulu

Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zezona zilwanyana zinethambo lomqolo eziphambili kwaye zibandakanya ngaphezu kwe-5,000 yeentlobo, ukusuka kwi-shrews emincinci ukuya kwiminenga emikhulu. Zibonakala ngeenwele okanye uboya bazo, obuzinceda zilawule ubushushu bomzimba wazo, kunye nokukwazi kwazo ukuvelisa ubisi ukuze zondle amantshontsho azo. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo zilungelelaniswe ukuba ziphile kuluhlu olubanzi lwemekobume, ukusuka kwimimandla ebandayo yepolar ukuya kwintlango eshushu, kwaye zineendlela ezininzi ezizivumela ukuba zizingele, zibaleke amarhamncwa, kwaye zinxibelelane. Izilwanyana ezanyisayo ngamalungu abalulekileyo kwi-ikhosistim ezininzi kwaye zikwaxatyiswa ngenyama yazo, ubisi, uboya kunye nezinye iimveliso.

Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo: Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo

Iinvertebrates zizilwanyana ezingenamqolo okanye umqolo. Zezona zilwanyana zininzi ezahlukeneyo kwaye zininzi kwaye ziquka ngaphezu kwe-95% yazo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana ezaziwayo. Ii-invertebrates zifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala eMhlabeni kwaye zineendlela ezininzi zokuziqhelanisa neendawo ezahlukeneyo. Ziquka izinambuzane, izigcawu, iicrustaceans, mollusks, kunye namanye amaqela amaninzi. Ii-invertebrates zibalulekile i-pollinators, i-decomposers, i-predators, kunye namaxhoba kwiindawo ezininzi ze-ecosystem, kwaye zixabiswa ngokutya kwazo, amayeza kunye nezinye iimveliso.

Ukuzivelela kweVertebrates

Ukuvela kwezilwanyana ezinomqolo yinkqubo entsonkothileyo nenika umdla ebandakanya iinguqulelo ezininzi ezinkulu, njengokuvela kwemihlathi, amalungu kunye namaqanda amniotic. I-Vertebrates iye yavelisa uluhlu olubanzi lokuziqhelanisa neendawo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka elwandle olunzulu ukuya kwezona ntaba ziphakamileyo, kwaye zidlale indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ukuhlukahluka kunye nobunzima bobomi emhlabeni. Ukuqonda imbali yendalo yezilwanyana ezinomqolo kunokusinceda sikuxabise ukunxulumana kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo kunye nobuhle kunye nokumangalisa kwendalo.

Ukubaluleka kwee-Vertebrates kwi-Ecosystem

I-Vertebrates idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ulungelelwaniso kunye nokusebenza kwe-ikhosistim, njengoko ibandakanyeka kwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-ikholoji ezifana nokudluliselwa kwepoleni, ukusasazwa kwembewu, i-herbivory, predation, kunye nokubola. Zikwasebenza njengezalathi zempilo yokusingqongileyo kwaye zihlala zisetyenziswa njengeentlobo zeflegi kwiinzame zolondolozo. Ilahleko yezilwanyana ezinomqolo ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwendawo yokuhlala, ungcoliseko, utshintsho lwemozulu, ukuloba ngokugqithisileyo, nokuzingela kunokuba neziphumo ezinzulu kuzinzo kunye nokomelela kwenkqubo yendalo kunye nentlalontle yabantu.

Ukuqukumbela: Iiyantlukwano zeVertebrates

I-Vertebrates liqela lezilwanyana elahluka-hlukeneyo nelinomtsalane eziye zavela kwizigidi zeminyaka ukuba ziphile phantse kuzo zonke iindawo zokuhlala eziseMhlabeni. Babelana ngeempawu ezininzi ezahlula kwii-invertebrates, ezifana nomqolo, ingqondo ephuhliswe kakuhle, kunye nenkqubo enzima yokwetyisa. I-Vertebrates ihlelwa yangamaqela amahlanu aphambili okanye iiklasi, nganye ineziqhelaniso kunye neempawu zayo ezizodwa. Ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kunye nokubaluleka kwezilwanyana ezinomqolo kunokusinceda sixabise ubuhle kunye nobunzima bobomi emhlabeni kwaye kusikhuthaze ukuba sikhusele kwaye silondoloze ezi zilwanyana zimangalisayo.