Ezona zifo zixhaphakileyo kwimivundla

Imivundla zizilwanyana zasekhaya ezithandwa kakhulu kuba abanye abantu bafumanisa ukuba ngokungafaniyo nezinye izilwanyana zasekhaya, zincinci kakhulu, zithatha indawo encinci kunenja okanye ikati, kwaye kulula ukuzikholisa. Abaninzi banoluvo lokuba imivundla yomelele kwaye ayifane igule. Ngelishwa, impazamo ebulalayo kunye nokungaqondi kakuhle ngexesha elifanayo. Imivundla ifuna kakhulu kwaye kwanempuku ezincinci zingagula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zidinga uncedo lwezilwanyana. Ngokomzekelo, basenokuthwaxwa zizifo ezifanayo nabantu. Iqala ngengqele encinci kwaye iphele ngesifo seswekile okanye iingxaki zentliziyo. Kweli nqaku sijonga izifo eziqhelekileyo kwimivundla, kodwa njengomnini kufuneka udibane nogqirha wezilwanyana malunga naluphi na utshintsho olubi kwisilwanyana sakho ukuze uthathe nawaphi na amanyathelo ayimfuneko onyango.

Usulelo lwentsholongwane kwimivundla

Imivundla isenokosulelwa zintsholongwane. Ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo olunjani, ezi zinokuba zimbi ngakumbi okanye zingaphantsi. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba oku kunyangwe ngugqirha wezilwanyana ukuze imivundla emincinci ibengcono ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, olunye usulelo lwentsholongwane luyingozi kakhulu kwaye luye lwakhokelela ekufeni kwemivundla kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ngoko ke ulumke uyacetyiswa, kuba usulelo lwentsholongwane lukholisa ukosulela kweminye imivundla kwaye lunokuchaphazela yonke imivundla ehlala kunye ekhaya okanye ngaphandle. Usulelo oluqhelekileyo lwentsholongwane yi-myxomatosis kunye ne-China blight eyaziwayo, zombini ezibulalayo kwizilwanyana ezininzi, okwenza unyango luphantse lungenakwenzeka kwaye luphumelele kuphela ngamathamsanqa amaninzi. Eyona ndlela yokukhusela imivundla yakho kukuba ugonywe rhoqo.

I China ukunxila imivundla

Intsholongwane yaseTshayina, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-RHD, ikholisa ukosulela ngokutya okungcolisekileyo, iingcongconi kunye nezifunxi-gazi. Ezi mpawu zilandelayo zingenzeka kwimivundla:

• ukuphelelwa ngumdla wokutya;
• ukungakhathali;
• Ukuphefumla kuyakhawuleza;
• ukuphazamiseka kwimeko jikelele;
• Eminye imivundla ifa ngobusuku nokuba ingenazimpawu.

I-pathogen yi-calicivirus, exhathisa ngokukodwa kwaye yomelele. Nokuba kumaqondo obushushu angama-4 degrees nje, isenosulelo kangangeentsuku ezingama-225. Oku akuchaphazeli kuphela imivundla ehlala kwikhaya lethu, kodwa kunye nemivundla yasendle. Noko ke, thina bantu nezinye izilwanyana ezinjengezinja neekati asinako ukuzosulela ngokwethu. Ukunyanga izilwanyana ezosulelekileyo kuphantse kungabi nathemba kwaye imivundla embalwa iyachacha. Ngesi sizathu, iingcaphephe zihlala zincoma ukunika imivundla isitofu sokugonya rhoqo ngonyaka.

I-myxomatosis

Akukho zimpawu zingaguqukiyo zichongiwe kwimivundla ye-myxomatosis, nto leyo eyenza ukuba esi sifo singaqikeleleki ngakumbi kunokuba sele sinjalo. Kuxhomekeke kwintsholongwane yentsholongwane echaphazelekayo kwaye ngoko ihlala yahluke kakhulu. Ukwamkelwa kwezilwanyana nako kudlala indima apha. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesi sifo ziquka:

• Iifom ze-edema ye-subcutaneous (myxoma)
• ukudumba kwamehlo
• amehlo adumbile
• ukukhutshwa emehlweni

Intsholongwane ngokwayo ithathwa njengeyona nto inamandla kwaye ixhathisa, ukwenzela ukuba ikwazi ukusinda lula kwimbalela nokubanda. Ngaphambili, nangona kunjalo, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukufudumeza kunokusetyenziswa njengendlela ephumelelayo yokulwa nale nto. Nangona kunjalo, iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo zinokuphila ngokulula kwindawo engqongileyo ukuya kuthi ga kwiinyanga ezintandathu. Ngoko ke ukuba ujonge ukufumana umvundla omtsha, kusoloko kucetyiswa ukuba wenze njalo emva kweenyanga ezintandathu ukuthintela usulelo. Kuthi thina bantu, nangona kunjalo, intsholongwane ayosuleli kwaye ngoko ayinabungozi ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke iingcali zicebisa malunga nesi sifo ukukhusela izilwanyana ngokugonywa kwaye zichaze namaxesha akhethekileyo. Ugonyo lokuqala kufuneka lube ngoMatshi okanye ngo-Epreli kunye nogonyo lonyaka lwesibini ngoSeptemba okanye ngo-Oktobha. Ngogonyo lokuqala, ugonyo olusisiseko alufanele lulibaleke, oku kuthetha ngolwimi olucacileyo ukuba emva kokugonywa kokuqala ugonyo lwe-booster kufuneka lunikezelwe kwiiveki ezimbalwa kamva, kuba le ndlela yodwa yogonyo olusisiseko.

Usulelo lweprotozoal kwimivundla

Ukongeza, kukho into ebizwa ngokuba yi-protozoal usulelo kwimivundla, apho kukho kwakhona iindidi ezininzi. Ngelishwa, kuxhomekeke kwintsholongwane kunye nebhaktiriya, esi sifo sinokubulala izilwanyana, ngoko ugqirha wezilwanyana kufuneka adibane ngokukhawuleza.

ICoccidiosis

I-Coccidia zibizwa ngokuba yi-host-specific parasites ezenzeka kwi-intestinal tract kwaye, ngokuxhomekeke kwiintlobo, zingabangela umonakalo omkhulu. Kukho iindidi ezisixhenxe zizonke, kunye nolona hlobo luyingozi kakhulu luhlobo lwe-coccidia, oluchaphazela imibhobho yenyongo kunye nesibindi sezilwanyana. Ngelishwa, usulelo lwezi zimfimfithi lubangelwa ikakhulu kukufuya. Ukunqongophala kococeko kuhlala kutyholwa apha, nto leyo engafanelanga ukuba yenzeke ukuba imivundla igcinwa ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukucocwa ngokucokisekileyo kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane ngexesha lonyango kusoloko kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kusebenza ngaphezu kwayo yonke indawo yokuhlala kunye neendawo zokuhlala zezilwanyana. Ngococeko olufanelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, unokuqiniseka ukuba ezi ntsholongwane aziyi kuqaliswa.

Ukuba umvundla uza kuhlalisana nomnye umvundla, kusoloko kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kuhlolwe isampulu yesitulo kwangaphambili. Le kuphela kwendlela yokuphepha ukosuleleka kwimivundla emitsha. Ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba uhlaselo luqondwa, ukuya kugqirha wezilwanyana ngokuqinisekileyo akunakuphepheka. Zonke izinto esidibana nazo isilwanyana kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo zilahlwe okanye ubuncinane zibulawe iintsholongwane, apho ukubulawa kweentsholongwane kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo kwenziwe yonke imihla. Unyango ngokwalo luthatha ixesha elide, elibangelwa ngumjikelo wokuvuthwa kwe-coccidia, eyi-10 ukuya kwiintsuku ze-14. Ngelishwa, ukusinda kwezi zifunxi-gazi kuphezulu kakhulu, kwaye ukuzibulala ngezibulali-ntsholongwane nako akukho lula, kuba ubushushu bamanzi apha kufuneka bube yi-80 degrees ubuncinci. Lwakuba lugqityiwe unyango, kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuhlolwa ilindle lezilwanyana.

Iimpawu:

• Imivundla idla ngokuba norhudo, olunokusuka ekubeni lubhitye lube yibilious;
• ukuphelelwa ngumdla wokutya;
• Ezinye izilwanyana zinciphisa ubunzima;
• ukwala amanzi;
• isisu esidumbileyo.
• Izifo ezingakumbi ezibangelwa yi-immune system ebuthathaka

Ngokuqinisekileyo, kuhlale kucetyiswa kule meko, kunye nokukrokra okuncinci, ukuya ngqo kugqirha wezilwanyana kwaye yonke into icaciswe. Kukho umngcipheko wokubhubha sesi sifo ngenxa yokubhitya, ingakumbi kwizilwanyana ezincinci kunye nemivundla emidala.

Encephalitozoonosis

I-encephalitozoonosis yesifo nayo idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-wry head kwaye ibangelwa yi-pathogen Encephalitozoon cuniculi, i-EC transmitted, eyi-unicellular parasite enokubangela ingozi enkulu. Esi sifo sisasazwa ngomchamo okhutshwa zizilwanyana esele zisulelekile, ngoko ke ngelishwa sisifo somvundla esosulelayo kakhulu. Iingcali zinoluvo lokuba malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zemivundla ngoku zithwele le pathogen, kodwa ayikaphuhli ibe sisifo okanye ayikakwazi ukuyikhupha.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-encephalitozoonosis ziquka ezi zimpawu zilandelayo:

• ukukhubazeka;
• Imivundla ikekele iintloko;
• Imivundla emininzi iziqengqelekela kwiaxis yayo okanye ilele ngecala;
• Ukunqongophala kolungelelwaniso;
• ukuphazamiseka kokulinganisela;
• Amaxabiso egazi ayatshintshwa, ngakumbi kwindawo yamaxabiso ezintso.

Esi sifo asinakuqinisekiswa ngeepesenti ezili-100 kwisilwanyana esiphilayo, nangona kunjalo amaxabiso egazi okanye uvavanyo lwe-antibody ngokukodwa sele luthumela iimpawu ezicacileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba unyango luqaliswe ngokukhawuleza nje ukuba iimpawu zokuqala zesi sifo zivele, njengoko i-pathogen ihlasela inkqubo ye-nervous yezilwanyana kwaye yenza umonakalo omkhulu apho. Ukuchacha okungenazo iimpawu kunokufezekiswa kuphela ukuba unyango luqaliswe ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba asinyangwa, esi sifo sikhokelela ekufeni okungcungcuthekisayo kuzo zonke izilwanyana. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba imivundla ekhe yanesi sifo kanye iyakuhlala ithwele. Kubantu abaphilileyo, nangona kunjalo, akukho mngcipheko, nangona ngaphezu kwayo yonke inqanaba lezempilo lezempilo kufuneka ngoku libe yinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Iingxaki zamazinyo kwimivundla

Amazinyo emivundla ahlala ekhula. Ngelishwa, imivundla emininzi inengxaki yamazinyo kaninzi, nto leyo inokuba noonobangela obahluke kakhulu.

Iingxaki ngokubanzi ngamazinyo

Ekubeni amazinyo emivundla ehlala ekhula, oku ngokwendalo kuneziphumo ezithile kuwe njengomnini. Ngoko kufuneka uqinisekise ngokutya ukuba amazinyo anokuguga ngokwawo. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba ukutya kuchanekile, amazinyo akufuneki asikwe ngugqirha wezilwanyana. Ukutya kufuneka kuqala kubandakanye iimveliso ezityebileyo kwifiber ekrwada, ezithi ke zidityaniswe nezinto eziziimpuku. Ifula kunye neendiza kunye nengca kunye namasetyana zibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ziqinisekisa impilo ebalaseleyo yamazinyo. Nangona abanini abaninzi bekholelwa ukuba isonka esinzima okanye ukutya okomileyo kubangela ukuba amazinyo aguge, ngelishwa oku akuyonyani. Isonka, umzekelo, sithambile ngamathe, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba iingxaki zokugqoka kunye nokukrazula kwimivundla zivame ukufunyanwa kungekhona kuphela ngaphambili, kodwa nakwi-molars. Izilwanyana ngoku zinokwenzakalisa ulwimi okanye iintsini zazo kunye nezidlele zazo kwimolars, njengoko ezi ziba zikhomba kakhulu kwimeko enjalo.

Iimpawu zeengxaki zamazinyo ngokubanzi ziquka:

• Imivundla ivuza lula xa isitya;
• Ukulahlekelwa ngumdla wokutya ukuya kutsho ukwala ngokupheleleyo ukutya;
• Imivundla itya kancinci;
• Ukunciphisa ukutya kwefula;
• Imivundla ngokukhawuleza iyancipha ubunzima ngokuxhomekeke kumdla wabo wokutya;
• Ukwenzakala emlonyeni.

Kwimeko yeengxaki zamazinyo, ugqirha wezilwanyana ngoku unethuba lokucheba iingcebiso zamazinyo, ngelixa abanye oogqirha bezilwanyana banokwenza olo tyando ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia. Nangona kunjalo, oku kukwaxhomekeke kwizilwanyana ngokwazo. Kwimeko yeengxaki ezinjalo, kubalulekile ukujonga ngokuthe kratya ukutya okukhoyo ukuze kulungiswe ukuba kuyimfuneko. Ngaphaya koko, kusoloko kubalulekile ukujonga amazinyo omvundla rhoqo.

Iingxaki zamazinyo ngokukodwa kwimivundla

Xa kuziwa kwiingxaki zamazinyo, akunyanzelekanga ukuba ibe ziincam zamazinyo. Kungakho ingxaki yokukhula kweengcambu ixesha elide kwimivundla. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba esi sifo sibandakanyekile, unokuva ukudumba okuncinci kumhlathi ongezantsi wesithandwa sakho. Ukongezelela, umfanekiso we-X-ray ubonelela ngokukhawuleza ngokuqinisekileyo.

Iimpawu:

• ukungafuni ukutya;
• iqhuma kumhlathi ongezantsi;
• ukwala ukutya;
• Sela kancinci;
• ukudibana.

Ngelishwa, i-conjunctivitis iyingxenye yalo mfanekiso weklinikhi, eyenzeka ngenxa yokusondela kwilungu elibonakalayo. Ukuba umvundla wakho uphethwe sesi sifo, uya kuba neentlungu eziqatha. Kuhlala kubalulekile ukuthatha i-X-ray ukujonga indawo echanekileyo kunye neqondo lokuvuvukala. Apha, ama-abscesses avela ngokukhawuleza kwiingcambu zezinyo, ezinokuthi zifake kwaye zishiye umonakalo omkhulu kumhlathi. Ngelishwa, imivundla iyachaphazeleka sesi sifo amaxesha ngamaxesha njengoko amathumba ethanda ukuhlala ephindaphindeka. Unyango luhlala lude kakhulu.

Ukosuleleka zizifo

Kakade ke, usulelo lwebhaktiriya lunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwimivundla, enokuthi yosuleleke nakwezinye izilwanyana. Kodwa ke, akukho sifo esinye apha, kodwa iimeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, ekufuneka zonke ziphathwe ngugqirha wezilwanyana onobuchule.

I-Pasteurellosis

I-Pasteurellosis, nekwaziwa ngokuba yingqele yomvundla, lolona sulelo luxhaphakileyo lwebhaktiriya. Nangona igama elithi "kubanda" livakala lingenabungozi ekuqaleni, oku ngelishwa alinakuthelekiswa nokubanda okuqhelekileyo, kodwa kubi kakhulu. Imivundla yosulelwa yipathogen iPasteurella multocida. Nangona kunjalo, esi sifo sikholisa ukuqhambuka kuphela xa imivundla ine-immune system ebuthathaka. Ezinye izilwanyana zinokude zithwale i-pathogen, nangona isifo ngokwaso singaqhambuka. Iintsholongwane ngokwazo zifumaneka kakhulu kwiinwebu zempumlo. Oku kunokubonakaliswa ngokususa imfihlo yeempumlo ngoncedo lwe-swab. Ngelishwa, le pathogen ayiqhelekanga ukubonakala yodwa, kodwa ilandelwa ngamanye amagciwane, njengeBordetella Bronchiseptica. Ngelishwa, le nyaniso ithetha ukuba amathuba okubuyisela ayancipha kakhulu.

Iimpawu ze-pasteurellosis zibandakanya:

• Ukukhutshwa kweempumlo ukusuka ecacileyo ukuya kwi-purulent;
• Umvundla uthimla;
• Ukuphefumla nzima;
• Ikhala liteyithiwe;
• Ukuphelelwa ngumdla wokutya.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, esi sifo sihlala sijongelwa phantsi ngenxa yegama laso. Ngelishwa, nangona kunjalo, imivundla ifa ngokukhawuleza ukuba ngaba abaniniyo abayinyangwa ngugqirha wezilwanyana. Ngesi sizathu, kufuneka uhlale “unengqele encinci” kwimivundla ihlolwe ngokuthe ngqo ngugqirha wezilwanyana ukucacisa ukuba ingaba yingqele eyoyikekayo yomvundla okanye yingqele eqhelekileyo. Ngokuzenzekelayo, oku kuhlala kusasazeka kakhulu kwi-conspecifics.

Izifo zomgudu wokugaya ukutya

Urhudo lolona phawu luqhelekileyo lwezifo ezahlukeneyo kwimivundla. Nangona kunjalo, izizathu zesifo sohudo zinokuhluka kakhulu. Ukuqala ngokutya okungalunganga kwizifo ezinzulu kakhulu, izizathu zihluke kakhulu. Nje ukuba umvundla wakho ube norhudo, kuyacetyiswa ukuba unikeze amanzi kunye nefula kuphela okwangoku. Ukuba urhudo lweza ngenxa yokutya okungalunganga, ukuphucuka kunokubonwa kwiiyure ezingama-24. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba oku akunjalo, kubalulekile ukubonisana nodokotela wezilwanyana.

Ukuba asilulo urhudo “oluqhelekileyo”, oko kukuthi, ukuba lunevumba elinamandla, kufuneka udibane nogqirha wezilwanyana ngoko nangoko. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba isifo sohudo siyaphela emva kweeyure ezingama-24, kufuneka ucinge ngokutshintsha ukutya kwakho. Oku kudla ukwenzeka, umzekelo, xa abanini bemivundla beqalisa ukunika izilwanyana ifula eluhlaza kwakhona entlakohlaza. Ngokukodwa, ukutya okuqulethe iinkozo ezininzi akufuneki kuphinde kube kwimenyu kwixesha elizayo, kuba kulapho kufumaneka khona izizathu zorhudo kwimivundla. Ngaphaya koko, ukuqhinwa nokuqunjelwa kuyenzeka rhoqo kwimivundla, apho kufuneka kuboniswane nogqirha wezilwanyana apha. Kule meko, izilwanyana ezichaphazelekayo zineentlungu ezibuhlungu kakhulu, ngoko ke isifo asinakufaniswa neempawu kuthi abantu. Ngoko ke kufuneka kuhlale kukhunjulwa ukuba zombini iimpawu zinokuthi zenzeke ngenxa yezifo ezinzulu. Izifo eziyingozi kakhulu kwintsimi yendlela yokugaya zilandelayo:

Umlutha wegubu

Umlutha wokubetha imigqomo kukwakheka kwegesi esiswini, okuhlala kubangelwa kukubiliswa kokutya. Umzekelo, emva kokutya i-fodder eyomileyo equlethe ukutya okuziinkozo, kunye nokutya okufumileyo okanye okushushu okuluhlaza. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesi sifo ziquka ezi zilandelayo:

• ukuqunjelwa kwesisu;
• Isifuba siya phambili;
• ukuqhawukelwa ngumphefumlo;
• ukungafuni ukutya;
• Iintlungu.

Apha, kwakhona, ukongeza kunyango lwezilwanyana, ukutya okune-hay-water kufuneka kuqhutywe, okumele kuhlale ubuncinane iintsuku ezisixhenxe. Nceda ungasebenzi ngesibane esibomvu ngoku. Ubushushu buya kukhawulezisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvubela kwaye zenze sibe mandundu kakhulu eso sifo.

Isisu sesisu

Ukuvaleka kwesisu kwimivundla kukwakwaziwa njengokubunjwa kwebhola yeenwele. Isifo ngokwaso sibangelwa ukubunjwa kweebhola, ezibangelwa, ngokomzekelo, izinto ezingenakudliwa kunye ne-fibrous, eziphuma kwizinwele, utshani obomileyo okanye iintsalela zekhaphethi, phakathi kwezinye izinto.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zesi sifo ziquka ezi zilandelayo:

• ukungakhathali;
• ukungafuni ukutya;
• Imivundla iyancipha emzimbeni;
• Inkunkuma encinci okanye ingabikho kwaphela;
• ukungazinzi;
• Ukutshintsha rhoqo indawo yokulala;
• Iintlungu.

Ukuvaleka kwesisu kunokukhawuleza kubulale izilwanyana, ngoko kubaluleke kakhulu ukubona i-vet ngokukhawuleza, onokufuna ukususa i-hairball. Ukuba ufuna ukunqanda ukuqunjelwa kwesisu, kufuneka uxhase izilwanyana ngokutya okufanelekileyo, ngakumbi xa zichitha. Iingcali zincoma ukutyisa i-ananas kunye ne-kiwi, njengoko ezi ziqulethe into esebenzayo i-bromelin, eneempawu zokwenza iinwele eziginyiweyo zibe lula ukuphuma. Ukulungiswa okunzulu ngakumbi ngendlela yokuxubha kufuneka kwakhona kwenzeke ngeli xesha ukwenzela ukuba ezinye iinwele zisuswe kwasekuqaleni.

Ukuqukumbela kwethu ngomba wezifo zomvundla

Nabani na owayecinga ukuba imivundla ayiguli nto leyo ekholisa ukufunyaniswa ukuba ayiyonyani. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifo zinokuphetshwa ngokuthe ngqo. Ukutya okufanelekileyo kweentlobo kunye nokubonelela ngesondlo esitsha kunye nefulawa kungenza igalelo elikhulu koku. Nangona kunjalo, ucoceko akumele lungahoywa kwaye ukuzivocavoca ngaphandle kwekheji kufuneka kwenzeke yonke imihla. Kwakhona, isilwanyana sakho sigonywe rhoqo kwaye emva koko sihlolwe ngugqirha wezilwanyana. Nangona kunjalo, ungaze ulibale ukujonga rhoqo ukuba yonke into ilungile, ukujonga amazinyo akho, kunye nokunikela ingqalelo kwiinguqu. Ngaphaya koko, siyakucela ukuba ungaze uyigcine yodwa imivundla, kufuneka isondele kweminye imivundla ukuze uzive ukhululekile. Ukuba unamathela kule mithetho esisiseko, ekufuneka eneneni ibe ngumcimbi xa ugcina izilwanyana, udale isiseko esiqinileyo. Ewe, kusengenzeka kwakhona kwaye kwakhona ukuba umvundla ugule. Emva koko, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuya kugqirha wezilwanyana akunakuphepheka.