UMary Allen
Xa kuziwa kwimibhobho yamanzi, umntu udibana neenkampu ezimbini: Abaxhasi baqinisekile ukuba iinkumba zifanelekile ukulwa ne-algae. Abagxeki, nangona kunjalo, bayoyika izityalo zabo zamachibi. Unokufumana apha iingenelo kunye nokungonakali kweenkumba zamanzi.
Ulwazi oluphangaleleyo malunga neeNkumba
Kukho malunga nama-95,000 eentlobo zeenkumba kwaye kuphela malunga neentlobo ezingama-40 ezihlala emanzini acocekileyo; iinkumba ezihlala echibini ziphinde zehliswe zibe malunga neentlobo ezili-10. Ukwahlula phakathi kwezi ntlobo zili-10 ngamanye amaxesha akulula kangako, nakwiingcali, njengoko iimilo zezindlu zezinye iindidi zibonakala zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo.
Nangona iinkumba zomhlaba ziyingozi kwizityalo zasegadini, iinkumba zamanzi zineenkalo ezintle: Zilahla izityalo ezifileyo. Izityalo eziphilileyo zikhululekile ekukhuleni kwe-algae ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye i-sludge yesiseko nayo iyacocwa kwiindawo zesityalo.
Ngale ndlela, unceda ukugcina ibhalansi yendalo echibini. Iinkumba ezininzi zide zitye inyama ebolileyo yaye ngaloo ndlela zithintela amanzi ukuba angabhukuqwa ziintlanzi ezifileyo okanye ezinye izilwanyana ezincinane.
Zonke iinkumba ezihlala echibini lasegadini zii<em>hermaphrodites, nto leyo ethetha ukuba zineziqanda-maqanda kwaye zivelisa amadlozi ngaxeshanye: Xa zikhwelana, iinkumba ezimbini zitshintshisa ngamadlozi azo ize imazi ibeke amaqanda emagqabini nakwiziqu zezityalo eziphantsi kwamanzi kamva.
Iinkumba kwiPondi yaseGadini
Kuphela ziintlobo zomthonyama zenkumba ekufuneka zisetyenziswe kumachibi egadi. Kwelinye icala, banokujamelana namaqondo obushushu asekuhlaleni, yaye kwelinye icala, iintlobo zezilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga zibeka umngcipheko omkhulu: Ukuba ziyaphuncuka echibini, kukho umngcipheko wokuba ziya kuzishenxisa izilwanyana zasekuhlaleni yaye yonke inkqubo yebhayoloji yasekhaya iya kuba sengozini. ukuwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinkumba azinakuthatyathwa kwindalo, kodwa zingathengwa kwiivenkile ezithengisa kakuhle.
Ingxaki eqhelekileyo yeyokuba iinkumba zamanzi zihlala zisebenza njengeenginginya eziphakathi zeetrematodes: Ezi ziintshulube ezifunxileyo ongafuni ukuba nazo kwidama lakho. Ukuba uyathandabuza, kufuneka uqale uzivalele yedwa iinkumba ozithengile iintsuku ezimbalwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo umntu ufika kwi-snail echibini ngokungazithandiyo, kuba i-snail spawn ihlala ibambelela kwizityalo zasemanzini okanye ingeniswe ngeentaka zamanzi.
Ngokutya okwaneleyo kunye neemeko ezilungileyo zokusingqongileyo, ezinye iintlobo zenkumba zinokuphindaphinda kakhulu. Kutshanje xa kukho i-algae encinci kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkumba, kunokwenzeka ukuba zihlasele izityalo zakho zedama: Kufuneka ungenelele apha. Mhlawumbi uyaziloba okanye uzigcine kude nezityalo ngokutya okongeziweyo. Kule meko, nangona kunjalo, iinkumba ziphindaphindeka ngakumbi kwaye ungene kwisangqa esibi. Iinewts, umzekelo, zinokunceda apha ngokutya i-snail spawn. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba une-algae eninzi, kufuneka uvumele iinkumba zenze oko.
INkumba yeChibi
I-marsh snail ikhula ukuya kwi-5cm kwaye yenye yezona ntlobo zenkumba ezinkulu. Inesiciko esingaguqukiyo ekwazi ukuvala ngaso iqokobhe lenkumba yayo ngokuqinileyo. Yeyona ntlobo yenkumba kuphela kuMbindi Yurophu enokuthi ihluze i-algae edadayo kunye neplankton ngqo emanzini. Oku kunika indima ekhethekileyo ekulweni ne-algae. Ukuba kukho i-microalgae eyaneleyo emanzini, ishiya izityalo zasemanzini ngasekhohlo, kwaye nokuba i-algae iyaphela, ikhetha ukutyisa amatye angaphantsi kweeyure. Ayifane ibonakale njengoko ubukhulu becala isezantsi. Kwakhona iphefumla ngeegill, ngoko akukho sizathu sokuza phezulu. Njengeenkumba ezininzi zomthonyama, iqinile kwaye iphila eludakeni olusezantsi.
Uzala iinkumba eziqeqeshwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke akukho mngcipheko wokuba imazi ityiwe zezinye izilwanyana. Ngokuzenzekelayo, iphinde ibe kuphela kweentlobo zenkumba zaseYurophu eziziiviviparous ("Viviparidae"). Abancinci bazalwa benobukhulu obungange centimeter enye ukuze bangakulungeli njengokutya kweentlanzi ezincinci. Ukongeza, le ndlela yokuzala ayikhokeli ekugqithiseni kwabemi ngokukhawuleza njengoko kwenzeka kancinci kancinci kune-oviposition. Ukongeza, ukuzala kuhambelana nokubonelelwa kokutya okufanelekileyo; ngoko ke, inkumba efanelekileyo kwidama lasegadi.
INkumba yeRamshorn
Inkumba ye-ramshorn ithandwa kakhulu kuba umbala wayo obomvu ukuya komfusa uwenza uhombise kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo nenkumba enomgxobhozo, le nkumba idla ngokubonwa kuba iphefumla ngemiphunga kwaye kufuneka ize phezulu ukuze iphefumle. Oku kunenye inzuzo: iphila kumachibi angenawo ioksijini kwaye angcolisekileyo kwaye kukhethwa emanzini atyebileyo kwi-calcium.
Ikhula ibe yi-4 cm ngobukhulu kwaye ngoko ke ikwayenye yeenkumba ezinkulu. Ngenxa yokuba umphandle wayo usicaba, ikwabizwa ngokuba yinkumba yepani. Yeyona ntlobo yenkumba yoMbindi Yurophu kuphela enehemoglobin egazini layo: le nto, abantu abanayo, inceda ukugcina ioksijini ngcono.
Yinkumba ekwaziyo ukumelana neemeko kakhulu kuba kwimeko yongxamiseko iyakwazi nokuphefumla ngeembilini zayo. Idla ngokusinda ebusika ngaphandle kwengxaki, kuba ilala phantsi eludakeni.
INkumba Yodaka
Inkumba yodaka eqhelekileyo nayo iye yaziqhelanisa ngokugqibeleleyo nobomi kwidama lasegadi. Kwakhona uphefumla ngemiphunga yakhe kwaye ngoko ke akathobeki xa kufikwa kumxholo weoksijini emanzini; Kwaye ayenzi nayiphi na imfuno komnye umgangatho wamanzi: ayinandaba nokuba ixabiso le-pH liyi-6.5 okanye i-9, umzekelo. Iphila nakumadama angcoliseke kakhulu nanodaka.
Njengemiphunga ephefumlayo, ibonwa rhoqo phezu komhlaba, kwaye ikwanamandla anomdla wokurhubuluza ngaphantsi komphezulu wamanzi. Ngokubanzi, uthanda ukuhlala kumaleko aphezulu echibi, njengoko kuhlala kukho ukutya okuninzi okufumanekayo apha. Ayinaxhala ngokhuseleko lwayo kuba ubukhulu bayo neqokobhe layo eliqinileyo liyenza ikhuseleke nakwiintlanzi ezinkulu.
Ngobukhulu obufikelela kwi-7 cm, lolona didi lukhulu lwenkumba kwaye yenye yezona zinto zivelisa ngokukhawuleza. Intshontsho lenkumba lizalelwa kwizityalo zasemanzini kwaye emva kweeveki ezimbini okanye ezintathu amakhulu amantshontsho asele eqandusele emaqandeni. Ukuba inkumba yaseYurophu ayisakwazi ukufumana i-algae eyaneleyo, iya kuhlasela ngokungenalusini izityalo zasemanzini. Ngokufanelekileyo, ukuzala ngokukhawuleza kolu hlobo lwenkumba ngokuqinisekileyo kudala iingxaki ngaxa lithile. Kodwa ithemba lokhetho lwendalo ayilombono ilungileyo: Yomelele kakhulu kwaye iyasinda kukokubini umkhenkce wamanzi kunye nokomisa okwethutyana emanzini. Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokunciphisa inani labo kukunye nezilwanyana ezitya amaqanda, njengeenewts.