UMary Allen
Ukugquma kwazo okunjengengonyama kuzithiyile igama lazo iingonyama zaselwandle. Izilwanyana ezinamandla zihlala elwandle kwaye zilungelelaniswa ngokugqibeleleyo kubomi emanzini.
iimpawu
Zikhangeleka njani iingonyama zaselwandle?
Iingonyama zaselwandle ziphuma ngokohlobo lwezilwanyana ezidla inyama kwaye apho ziphuma kwintsapho yamatywina acetyiweyo. Benza i-genus-group ye-Otariini kunye neentlobo ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo.
Umzimba wabo woluliwe kwaye imilenze yangaphambili neyomva iguqulwa ibe ngamaphiko. Intloko encinci enempumlo emfutshane ihlala kwintamo emfutshane, eyomeleleyo.
Ngokungafaniyo namantini, iingonyama zaselwandle zineentsinjana ezincinci entloko kwaye amalungu azo angasemva aneempintshi made kakhulu. Unokuzisonga phambili phantsi kwesisu sakho. Zinokuhamba ngokukhawuleza nangobuchule ngakumbi emhlabeni kunezitywina.
Iinkunzi zazo zonke iintlobo zeengonyama zolwandle zikhulu kakhulu kunemazi. Xa ziphakama kumaphiko azo angaphambili, ezona sampuli zikhulu zingaphezulu kweemitha ezimbini ubude. Iinkunzi zinomhlwenga yaye ukugquma kwazo kuvakala njengokwengonyama yokwenene.
Uboya beengonyama zolwandle buntsundu, buxinene kakhulu, kwaye abunamanzi, kwaye bunoboya besiqu kunye neenwele zokulinda. Ngenxa yokuba i-undercoat entle iphantse yangabikho kwaphela, ilala kufutshane nomzimba. Amanqatha atyebileyo, abizwa ngokuba ngamafutha, aqhelekile. Ukhusela izilwanyana emanzini abandayo.
Ihlala phi ingonyama yolwandle?
Iingonyama zolwandle zizalelwa kunxweme lwePasifiki kuMntla Melika, kunxweme lwePasifiki kunye neAtlantiki yaseMzantsi Melika, malunga neZiqithi zeGalapagos, kunye namanxweme aseOstreliya naseNew Zealand. Iingonyama zaselwandle zizidalwa zaselwandle kwaye zihlala kunxweme olunamatye. Noko ke, ziya elunxwemeni ukuze zikhwele iinkunzi, zizale zize zikhulise amantshontsho.
Zeziphi iindidi zeengonyama zolwandle ezikhoyo?
Ezona ntlobo zaziwa kakhulu ziingonyama zaselwandle zaseCalifornia (Zalophus californianus). Ukuhlala kunxweme olusentshona kuMntla Melika ukusuka eKhanada ukuya eMexico, zezona zincinci kwaye zikhaphukhaphu kuzo zonke iingonyama zolwandle kwaye impumlo yazo inde kwaye inciphile kunezinye iintlobo. Iinkunzi zikhula ukuya kwi-220 centimeters, iimazi ukuya kwi-170 centimeters ubude.
Ezona zinamandla ziingonyama zolwandle zeSteller (Eumetopias jubatus). Iinkunzi zifikelela kwiimitha ezintathu ezinesiqingatha ubude kwaye zinobunzima obungaphaya kwetoni, iimazi zilingana neesentimitha ezingama-240 kuphela kwaye zinobunzima obuziikhilogram ezingama-300. Bahlala ikakhulu kumantla ePasifiki kumanxweme aseAsia nakuMntla Melika.
Iingonyama zolwandle zaseNew Zealand (i-Phocarctos hookeri) nazo zincinci: amadoda afikelela kwi-245 centimeters ubude, amabhinqa aphezulu angama-200 centimeters. Bahlala kwiziqithi ezingaphantsi kwe-Antarctic ezijikeleze iNew Zealand nakunxweme lweSiqithi saseNew Zealand.
Iingonyama zolwandle zaseOstreliya (Neophoca cinerea) zihlala kwiziqithi ezikunxweme lwasentshona nakumazantsi eOstreliya. Iinkunzi zifikelela kwi-250 centimeters, iimazi ukuya kwi-180 centimeters. Iingonyama zolwandle zaseMzantsi Melika, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-mane seal (Otaria flavescens), zihlala kunxweme lwePasifiki eMzantsi Melika ukusuka ePeru ukuya eTierra del Fuego nakunxweme lweAtlantiki ukusuka kwincam esemazantsi ukuya kumazantsi eBrazil. Iinkunzi ziziisentimitha ezingama-250 ubude, iimazi zingama-200 eesentimitha.
Njengoko igama labo libonisa, iingonyama zolwandle zaseGalápagos zihlala kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki kumanxweme eZiqithi zeGalapagos malunga neekhilomitha ezili-1000 entshona ye-Ecuador. Iinkunzi zikhula ukuya kwi-270 centimeters, iimazi ziyi-150 ukuya kwi-170 yeesentimitha ubude.
Ingaba iingonyama zaselwandle ziba neminyaka emingaphi?
Kuxhomekeka kuhlobo oluthile lweengonyama zaselwandle, ziphila iminyaka eyi-12 ukuya kweli-14, kodwa ezinye izilwanyana zinokuphila iminyaka engama-20.
Ziphathe
Ziphila njani iingonyama zaselwandle?
Iingonyama zolwandle ziqhelene kakuhle nobomi bolwandle olubandayo: Ngomzimba kunye nemilenze yazo elungelelanisiweyo eguqulwe yaba ngamaphiko, ziyakwazi ukudada ngokukhawuleza nangokukhazimlayo kwaye zinokufikelela kwisantya seekhilomitha ezingama-40 ngeyure emanzini.
Amanqatha atyebileyo, la mafutha, akhusela izilwanyana kumanzi olwandle abandayo. Ukuba kubanda kakhulu, iingonyama zaselwandle ziyakwazi ukucinezela unikezelo lwegazi kwiindawo ezingaphandle zomzimba ukuze zingalahlekelwa bubushushu kwaye ziphole.
Ukongeza, ngenxa yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuziqhelanisa nemizimba yabo, banokuntywila ukuya kuthi ga kwimizuzu eli-15 ukuya kuthi ga kwi-170 yeemitha ubunzulu: Banokugcina umoya omninzi, igazi labo libophelela ioksijini eninzi, kwaye xa bentywila, ukubetha kwentliziyo kuyehla. ukuze umzimba usebenzise ioksijini encinane. Bayakwazi nokuvala iimpumlo zabo ngokuqinileyo xa bentywila.
Ngamehlo azo angevani nokukhanya, abona kakuhle kumanzi amnyama namnyama. Basebenzisa imvakalelo yabo yokujoja elungileyo ukufumana indlela yabo emhlabeni. Iinwele zabo ezizivayo kumadevu nasentloko zisebenza njengezitho zokuchukumisa. Ukongeza, iingonyama zolwandle zisebenzisa inkqubo ye-echo-sounding: zikhupha izandi phantsi kwamanzi kwaye ziqhelane ne-echo yazo.
Nangona iingonyama zaselwandle zigqalwa njengondlongondlongo, zinentloni endle yaye zidla ngokubaleka xa zibona abantu. Xa iimazi zisencinci, ziwakhusela ngokuqatha. Ngokuphathelele kwiingonyama zaselwandle, iinkunzi, iinkunzi, zigcina iinkunzi zeenkomo ezizikhuselayo ngokungqongqo kumadoda.