UMary Allen
Iintlobo zezityalo, umzekelo, umbona, utamatisi, i-cork oak, i-beech eqhelekileyo, okanye i-alpine edelweiss. Uhlobo lweyona yunithi iphantsi xa umntu efuna ukwahlula izityalo ngokufanelekileyo. Izityalo zohlobo oluthile zinokuphindaphindeka phakathi kwazo kwaye ngaloo ndlela zisasazeke. Kwakhona baneempawu eziqhelekileyo, umzekelo, i-tomato kunye nomthi we-cork awunayo.
Iintlobo ezininzi zezityalo ezineempawu ezifanayo zinokudityaniswa zibe zizizukulwana. Amaqela amaninzi aneempawu ezifanayo nawo abumba iintsapho. Ezi ke zinokudityaniswa zibe ziiodolo, iiklasi, kunye namasebe. Elo yayiza kuba lelona qela likhulu. Ngoko ke ulwahlulo luya lusiba rhabaxa, iintlobo zezityalo ke ngoko lolona lwahlulo luchanekileyo. Phakathi, kukho ulwahlulo olungcono ngakumbi.
Ukwahlula kufana neentlobo zezilwanyana, kunye nokwahlukana omnye: ubukumkani bezilwanyana buhlulwe ngokwezizwe ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ubukumkani bezityalo bahlula ngamasebe ahlukeneyo. Okunye kuyafana. Kwinzululwazi, ulwahlulo lutshintshile ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ngaphambili, izityalo zazihlelwa ngokufana kwazo. Namhlanje, ukuzalana kukwamiselwa yimizila yemfuza.
Sizihlela njani izityalo kubomi bemihla ngemihla?
Kubomi bemihla ngemihla sahlula izityalo ngendlela esizifuna ngayo: sineentyatyambo ekufuneka sizijonge. Sidla ngokutya amaqunube neziqhamo ekrwada, ngokufuthi njengeshwamshwam. Sikwatya isaladi ekrwada, kodwa ubukhulu becala ngesosi kwaye sidinga i-cutlery yayo. Ubukhulu becala sipheka imifuno kwaye asifane siyitye ikrwada, umzekelo, iminqathe.
Kumaziko egadi, kwakhona, ulwimi lwe-colloquial lunzima. Apha, amagama ahlukeneyo asetyenziselwa ukwahlula izityalo ahlala esetyenziswa ngokungachanekanga. Omnye uhlala ethetha ngeentlobo zezityalo, kodwa eneneni uthetha uhlobo. Eli liqela lokuqala elingentla kwalo. Ngokomzekelo, akukho "oki" njengeentlobo zezityalo. Kodwa kukho uhlobo lwe-oki. Ezi ziquka iintlobo ze-oki ye-cork, i-pedunculate oak, i-holm oak, kunye nezinye ezininzi. Kodwa ngokufuthi yingcali kuphela ekwaziyo ukuxela umahluko.
Zihlelwa njani izityalo kwibhayoloji?
Kwibhayoloji, ubona izinto ngokwahlukileyo. Iapile, umzekelo, lintyatyambo yokuqala kwaye kamva isiqhamo. Ukuba ushiya i-lettuce kunye nemifuno egadini ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo, baya kuphuhlisa iintyatyambo kunye nembewu kamva. Ngoko ke oko akulunganga kuhlelo oluchanekileyo. Ngoko ke izazi ngebhayoloji ziye zavelisa inkqubo echane ngakumbi. Bayibiza ngokuthi "i-biosystematics" okanye "i-taxonomy".
Kwiingcali zebhayoloji, kukho amasebe amane kubukumkani bezityalo: i-liverworts, i-mosses, i-hornworts, kunye nezityalo ze-vascular. Izityalo ze-vascular ziyaziwa kakhulu. Bahlule babe ngamacandelwana amabini, uzibuze ukuba banayo na imbewu okanye hayi.
Ekuhlulweni kwezityalo zembewu, umntu uyazibuza ukuba ingaba imbewu ifakwe kwi-ovary. Ukuba kunjalo, umntu uthetha ngeklasi yezityalo zeentyatyambo. Kukho iindidi ezingama-226,000. Oku kuquka uninzi lwezityalo zethu ezidubulayo, okt iintyatyambo, iziqhamo, amaqunube, imithi evuthulukayo, kunye nezinye ezininzi. Ukuba i-ovary ivuliwe, umntu uthetha ngeklasi ye-nudibranchs. Ezi ziquka iiconifers ezifana nefir, spruce, larch, kunye nabanye abaninzi.
Ukongeza kwizityalo zembewu, kukho nezityalo ezivelisa ngaphandle kwembewu. Oku kuquka i-ferns, evelisa i-spores. Nangona kunjalo, akucaci ngokupheleleyo kwisayensi ukuba zeziphi izityalo ekufuneka zifakwe kolu lwahlulo.