UMary Allen
Inja ebizwa ngokuba yi-Pavlovian dog imele uvavanyo apho isazinzulu sendalo esidumileyo u-Ivan Petrovich Pavlov wangqina ukwenzeka kwemeko yakudala.
Unjingalwazi waseRashiya u-Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (owazalwa nge-14 kaSeptemba 1849, waza wafa nge-27 kaFebruwari ngo-1936) akazange afumane ibhaso leNobel ngo-1904 ukuze acacise iinkqubo zokwetyisa, kodwa waba ngumfumani wemeko yeklasiki ezinjeni. Kule into, i-reflex engaguqukiyo yokuzalwa iba nemiqathango, okt ivuswe ngabom, i-reflex ngoqeqesho. Ukubonisa ukuba umgaqo wokulungisa uyasebenza ngokwenene, wenza uvavanyo olubizwa ngokuba yinja kaPavlov.
UPavlov wafumanisa iNgcaciso ye-Classical Conditioning
Izinja zintywila ngakumbi xa zisitya. Ukunyuka kwamathe kungokwemvelo kwaye kunyanzelekile asabela kwisivuseleli sokutya - okt kwivumba kunye nokubona ukutya. Le reflex yokuzikhethela yomhlobo onemilenze emine ayikwazi ukucinezelwa. Kuphando lwakhe lokwetyisa ezinjeni, uPavlov waqaphela ukuba izilwanyana azizange zikhuphe amathe ngakumbi ngexesha lokutya kodwa nakamsinya nje zakuba zisondele. indlu yenja.
Enyanisweni, inja ayinaso isizathu sokumisa kwiinyawo ezilula ezivakalayo-ngaphandle kokuba ifunde ukudibanisa ukuvuselela okungabalulekanga kweenyawo kunye nesipho sokutya. U-Pavlov ngoku wayefuna ukubonakalisa ingcamango yale nkqubo yokufunda kwizinja - ukulungiswa. Ngoko ke wamisela umfuniselo olula kodwa olufanelekileyo: inja kaPavlov.
Uvavanyo oluxhasayo: Inja kaPavlov
Kuvavanyo lwakhe, wasebenzisa intsimbi elula ukwenza i-acoustic stimulus ngokukhalisa izinja zakhe. Njengoko isazinzulu sibonile, esi sandi sisodwa asizange sibangele ukwanda kwe-salivation reflex kubahlobo abanemilenze emine. Emva koko waphakela izinja zakhe emva kokuba intsimbi ikhala, ezityhila kwi-stimulus yokutya, eyabangela ukuba zitshize ngakumbi, kunye ne-stimulus yokukhala kwangaxeshanye.
Emva kwexesha elithile lokuqhelana nalo, uPavlov wavumela intsimbi ukuba ikhale kuphela: njengoko wayelindele Izinja basabela kwi-sound stimulus yodwa kunye nezinkcwe ezingakumbi kuba babefunde ukuba emva kokukhala kukho ukutya. Ngoko wayephumelele ukuqeqesha izinja zakhe ukuba zibe nempendulo ye-reflex esemgangathweni kwi-stimulus eyayingabalulekanga kwizinja. Izilwanyana zazingenakukwazi ukuyicinezela le mvakalelo iqhelekileyo, kanye njengeyazalwa. Ngaloo ndlela, umgaqo wokulungisa wangqinwa ngokwesayensi. Ngaphandle koku kufunyaniswa, inxenye ebalulekileyo yoqeqesho lwanamhlanje lokuziphatha ezinjeni iya kulahleka.