UMary Allen
Ubomi buyinto yezityalo nezilwanyana, kuquka nabantu. Yiyo loo nto kuthiwa zizidalwa eziphilayo. Zikwaquka ibhaktheriya kunye nefungi. Izinto ezingaphiliyo zibizwa ngokuba zizinto. La ngamatye, isinyithi, kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi.
Inzululwazi yobomi yibhayoloji. Kodwa kwanezazinzulu, izazi ngebhayoloji, zikufumanisa kunzima ukutsho kanye ukuba buyintoni na ubomi. Ezi zinto zilandelayo ziyafuneka xa kuthethwa ngesidalwa esiphilayo: Izinto eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukuziphilisa. Bane-metabolism, ngoko bathatha ukutya kwaye basebenze. izinto eziphilayo ziyakhula. Ke zincinci ekuqaleni kwaye emva koko zibe zikhulu okanye zahluke.
Izinto eziphilayo zinokuzala. Ngoko bayazala ukuze bangafi. Oku kukwathetha ukuba izinto eziphilayo zinokukhula ukusuka kwesinye isizukulwana ukuya kwesinye. Izidalwa eziphilayo zinokuhambisa amalungu emizimba yazo ngokwazo. Kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba banokujikeleza ngokuzimeleyo, oko kukuthi ukuya kwindawo ethile. Umzekelo, iPlankton iyenzeka nje ihamba nemisinga yolwandle. Izidalwa eziphilayo zifumana uvuselelo: Zifumana imiqondiso kwiindawo ezihlala kuzo ezinjengokukhanya, ubushushu, okanye ukubamba, kwaye zisabela kuzo. Thina bantu, sikwenza oku ngamalungu ethu okuziva, athumela imiqondiso engqondweni.
Uninzi lwezidalwa eziphilayo ziyakwazi ukuphefumla, kodwa kungekhona zonke. Abantu kunye nezilwanyana banelungu lokuphefumla: imiphunga okanye, kwimeko yeentlanzi kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci ezihlala emanzini, iigill. Izityalo ziphefumla ngeeseli zazo. Kodwa zimbalwa kakhulu izidalwa ezingakwaziyo ukuphefumla. Oku kuquka ezinye iintsholongwane kunye nezinye izilwanyana ezincinci ezidla ngokuhlala emazantsi elwandle.
Zonke izinto eziphilayo zenziwe ngeeseli ezizimeleyo. Iiseli zigcina indlela into ephilayo ekhula ngayo kunye nenye into efunekayo. Kukho izidalwa eziphilayo ezineseli enye kuphela, ezibizwa ngokuba "zizidalwa ezingabonakaliyo". Ezi ziquka iibhaktheriya ezininzi, umngundo ngamnye, kunye nabanye. Kodwa abazalani. Noko ke, izinto ezininzi eziphilayo zineeseli ezininzi.
Ubomi bazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, njengoko izazi ngebhayoloji zikubona, busoloko buphela ngokufa. Ezinye izidalwa zihlala ixesha elifutshane, ezinye zihlala ixesha elide kakhulu. I-mayfly iphila usuku olunye kuphela. Kodwa kukwakho nesiponji esikhulu, isidalwa saselwandle esinokuphila iminyaka eyi-10,000 XNUMX. Kwiinkonzo ezininzi, ubani ucinga ukuba umphefumlo womntu ophilayo unokuphila ngonaphakade.
Ubomi bebukho emhlabeni ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-3.5 yeebhiliyoni. Ubomi buye bafunyanwa phantse kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni. Oku kusebenza kweyona ntlango ishushu kunye neendawo ezinomkhenkce zeArctic neAntarctica. Nakwimithombo eshushu emgangathweni wolwandle kukho ubomi, oko kukuthi, iibhaktiriya ezithile zakuqala ezibizwa ngokuba yi-“archaea” ngoku. Bahlala kwigesi yemethane ephuma emhlabeni apho kwaye ayifuni kukhanya kwelanga. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, abantu bazi kuphela ubomi emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, kukholelwa ukuba ubomi obungaphandle komhlaba bunokubakho nakwezinye iiplanethi.
Ungazihlela njani izinto eziphilayo?
Izinto eziphilayo zahlulwe zibe ziindawo ezintathu. Sazi kakuhle iieukaryotes. Zonke izinto eziphilayo kule ndawo zinenucleus yeseli kwiiseli zazo. Ii-eukaryotes zahlulwe zibe zizilwanyana, izityalo, kunye nezikumkani zokungunda.
Iintsholongwane zenza indawo yesibini. Zazibizwa ngokuba yi "bacilli". Abanayo i-nucleus.
I-archaea yenza indawo yesithathu. Abanayo nenucleus yeseli. Ngokuqhelekileyo bahlala kwiindawo ezigqithisileyo: umzekelo, kushushu kakhulu apho, okanye indawo enetyuwa eninzi, okanye kukho uxinzelelo oluninzi, umzekelo emazantsi elwandle.
Kuba nzima ngeentsholongwane kuba azinayo i-nucleus yeseli. Ukuba ucinga ukuba bonke ubomi bunenucleus yeseli, iintsholongwane azifakwanga. Uninzi lwezazinzulu zibona iintsholongwane njengento nje eneprogram, efana nenxalenye yekhompyuter okanye i-smartphone.