UMary Allen
Olo hlolisiso lubonisa ukuba izinambuzane ngokukhethekileyo aziziva ntlungu njengabantu. Banamalungu eemvakalelo abanokuthi ngawo babone izinto ezivuselela iintlungu. Kodwa mhlawumbi uninzi lwezilwanyana ezingenamqolo azizazi iintlungu ngenxa yokwakheka kobuchopho bazo – hayi nemisundululu kunye nezinambuzane.
Isazi se-neurobiologist saseBerlin Menzel simele ithiyori eyahlukileyo. Ngokombono wakhe, intlungu ayixhomekeke kwingqondo okanye kwi-phylogenetic development. Kwi-Menzel, imbono yentlungu inento yokwenza nokuchonga. “Xa izilwanyana zizibona njengabantu ngabanye, zinokuphinda ziphuhlise icandelo leemvakalelo-into efana neentlungu,” utshilo uMenzil.
Ngokomzekelo, i-octopus iyakwazi ukwenza oku. Abasebenzi beqela leenyosi, kwelinye icala, babengakwazi ukubonana njengabantu ngabanye. I-Menzel, ke ngoko, ithatha njengento engenakwenzeka ukuba iinyosi zive intlungu.
Nokuba kusekho amathandabuzo: EJamani, akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo ukwenza iintlungu kwizilwanyana. UMthetho weNtlalontle yeziLwanyana ulandela isiphelo sesifaniso. Nangona kunjalo, zizilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo kuphela ezifana neentlanzi, izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini, izirhubuluzi, iintaka, kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezikhuselweyo phantsi komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo ezifana nezinambuzane, izigcawu, kunye neenkumba zishiywa ngaphandle.
Okwangoku, iimfuniselo ngezi zidalwa kufuneka zixelwe kuphela, kodwa zingasavunywa. Iskwidi ezithile kunye neecrustaceans ezikhule kakhulu ezifana nekreyifishi zikwindawo ekhethekileyo. Izifundo zenzululwazi zibonise ukuba ezi zilwanyana zinenkqubo ye-nervous ephuhliswe kakhulu eyenza kube lula ukuva intlungu.
Ngaba isinambuzane sinokuziva iintlungu?
Ukubandezeleka okuZingileyo: Izinambuzane azikwazi nje ukuva iintlungu ezibuhlungu, nazo ziphathwa ziintlungu ezingapheliyo-njengathi, abantu. Nokuba ukwenzakala kwemithambo-luvo kudala kwaphola, baziva benovelwano ngokugqithisileyo kwiintlungu ezivuselelayo, njengoko uhlolisiso luye lwabonisa.
Ngaba isigcawu sinokuziva iintlungu?
UWolfgang Nentwig, isazi ngendalo kunye nomphandi wesigcawu, kwiYunivesithi yaseBern “Zonke izilwanyana ezinemithambo-luvo ziyakwazi ukuva iintlungu, kuquka izilwanyana ezinethambo lomqolo kunye neearthropods ezifana nezigcawu kunye nemolluscs.
Ngaba izilwanyana ziziva iintlungu xa zityiwe?
Iintaka zinee-receptors zentlungu kwaye ke ziziva iintlungu njengezilwanyana ezanyisayo, ngokutsho kuka-Bekoff. Kuphononongo luka-2000, iinkukhu eziqhwalelayo zakhetha ukutya okunezidambisi-ntlungu xa zinikwa ukhetho lokutya.
Zeziphi izilwanyana ezingenantlungu?
Yomelele, yomelele, kwaye yomelele ngokugqithisileyo: Impuku enqunu yaseAfrika ineempawu eziyahlula kuzo zonke ezinye izilwanyana ezanyisayo. Iqela lophando laseJamani-Amerika lifumanise ukuba phantse akanaluvelwano ngokupheleleyo kwiintlungu.
Inyosi ayinakuncwina
Iimpawu zentlungu zihlala zibonakaliswa kuphela ngovavanyo lwe-physiological, ezifana nokunyuka kwentliziyo okanye amanqanaba e-hormone atshintshileyo.
Nokuba intlungu iba yimvakalelo enokulinganiswa ngale ndlela: Ekugqibeleni, abantu badlulisela amava abo kuphela kwilizwe lezilwanyana ngokufanisa.
Oku kusenokuba sengqiqweni xa uqhubana nezilwanyana ezisondeleleneyo nabantu. Nangona kunjalo, okukhona kukude kwinqanaba le-phylogenetic, ngakumbi i-arbitral criteria yentlungu ibonakala: Inyosi ayikwazi ukuncwina okanye ukugaya amazinyo.
Inkqubo yabo yemithambo-luvo ayinakuthelekiswa nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo esembindini yezilwanyana ezinomqolo. Sekunjalo, isazi ngemithambo-luvo, uMenzel, naye owenza uphando ngeenkqubo zokufunda kwiinyosi, siwugqala lo mzekeliso njengoluncedo ekuhloleni intlungu: “Ndicinga ukuba ukufana kwabantu akuyondlela imbi. Ngesizathu esinye esilula: asinayo enye into ekhoyo.”
Noko ke, kwakulo moya umnye, uMenzel ulumkisa ngesigqibo esichaseneyo esithi: “Ubani umele alumke angacingi ukuba umbungu uva intlungu ngenxa nje yokuba uyashwabana.”
Ukusuka kwimbono yesayensi, uvelwano oluninzi alufanelekanga, uyavuma uAlexander Borst ovela kwiMax Planck Institute yeNeurobiology eMartinsried. Abantu bahluke kakhulu kwizilwanyana ukuba bangakwazi ukugweba iintlungu zesilwanyana: “Isinambuzane esiphuke umlenze sihamba kanye njengoko sasisenza ngaphambili, singawugcini umlenze lowo.” Neenkumbi zihleli nje zisitya xa zityiwa ngumthandazi.