UMary Allen
Ukukhuselwa kwemozulu kuthetha ukuba abantu basebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imozulu ayitshintshi kangako. Umhlaba ubusiya usiba shushu ukususela ekukhuleni kwemizi-mveliso ngenkulungwane ye-19. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu ziigesi ze<em>greenhouse ezifana ne<em>carbon dioxide. Ukuba kukho okuninzi kwiatmosfera, kuya kuba shushu ngakumbi: ubushushu belanga obubetha umhlaba abunakuphinda buwushiye lula umhlaba.
Injongo yokukhusela imozulu kukugcina ubushushu beplanethi yethu bungaphantsi kwamaqondo amabini ngokukaCelsius. Izazinzulu zicinga ukuba ukufudumala okungaphezulu kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu kwisijikelezi-langa sethu nabemi baso. Olu sukelo lubekwe phantse kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi eParis ngo-2015.
Noko ke, imozulu sele ishushu malunga neqondo elinye. Ukufudumala nako kuyakhula. Ke ngoko, phantse zonke izazinzulu zinoluvo lokuba umntu kufuneka enze okuthile ngokukhawuleza ukuze afikelele usukelo.
Ungayikhusela njani imozulu?
Uninzi lwezinto esizenzayo mihla le zikhupha iigesi zegreenhouse emoyeni. Iindawo ezininzi zobomi bethu zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi: ekhaya xa uhamba, kwiifektri, njalo njalo. Ukuze sikhusele imozulu, kufuneka kwelinye icala sizame ukusebenzisa amandla amancinci. Kwelinye icala, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba la mandla acoceke kangangoko.
Okwangoku, amandla amaninzi asafunyanwa koko kubizwa ngokuba ngamafutha efosili. Le yimithombo yamandla egcinwe ngaphantsi komhlaba kangangezigidi zeminyaka. Izixa ezikhulu zecarbon dioxide ziye zagcinwa kuzo ukususela ngelo xesha. Xa zitshiswa, le carbon dioxide iphumela emoyeni. Amafutha efosili aquka, umzekelo, ioli ekrwada, igesi yendalo, kunye namalahle aqinileyo.
Endaweni yala mafutha efosili, kufuneka kusetyenziswe amandla ahlaziyekayo kuphela. Umbane ke ngoko kufuneka uveliswe ngee turbines zomoya, iiseli zesola, okanye umbane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Abaphandi basebenzela ukuphucula obu buchule kwaye bayile iindlela ezintsha zokuvelisa amandla avuselelekayo. Kwixesha elizayo, iimoto, iinqwelomoya, kunye nezinye iindlela zothutho nazo zinokusebenza ngombane ovela kumandla ahlaziyekayo.
Ezinye izibaso zinokukhula kwakhona: zenziwe ngezityalo, umzekelo. I-biogas ebizwa ngokuba yi-biogas nayo inokuveliswa ngolu hlobo, umzekelo, ukutshisa indlu. Kukho neenjini ezisebenza kwi-hydrogen. I-Hydrogen sisibaso, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuphela ukuvelisa amanzi angenabungozi kwimozulu.
Kodwa kwanale mithombo yamandla icocekileyo inobuthathaka bayo. Ihydrogen kufuneka iveliswe kuqala. Oku kufuna amandla amaninzi. Ii-windmills zinokuba yingozi kwiintaka ezininzi kwaye ziphazamise ubuhle bendawo kubantu abaninzi. Ukuveliswa kweeseli zelanga kudla amandla amaninzi. Amadama atshintsha indlela yendalo yemilambo kwaye atshabalalise indawo yokuhlala yezilwanyana ezininzi. Uninzi lwale mithombo yamandla aluboneleli ngomlinganiselo ofanayo wamandla ngalo lonke ixesha. Iiseli zelanga azisebenzi ebusuku, umzekelo. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba kugcinwe umbane ngandlela ithile, kodwa oku kubiza kakhulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Kwakhona kukho ingxaki ngemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye namafutha: ukuba uhlakulela into ethile kwintsimi ukuze uvelise amandla kuyo, awukwazi ukuhlakulela izityalo ezidliwayo apho ngexesha elifanayo. Okanye izityalo ezidliwayo ziguqulwa zibe yi-biogas. Nalapho kukho ukutya kuncinci.
Izinto ezininzi ezilungele imozulu azilungelanga ngokuzenzekelayo okusingqongileyo xa iyonke. Ukhuseleko lwemozulu ke ngoko lukwabandakanya uphando oluqhubekayo kwezi kunye neminye imithombo yamandla ecocekileyo. Injongo kukuba banike amandla amaninzi kwaye babe nemiphumo emibi embalwa kwezinye iindawo.
Ukhuseleko oluphezulu
Ukukhuselwa kwemozulu kuthetha ukuba abantu basebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba imozulu ayitshintshi kangako. Umhlaba ubusiya usiba shushu ukususela ekukhuleni kwemizi-mveliso ngenkulungwane ye-19. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu ziigesi ze<em>greenhouse ezifana ne<em>carbon dioxide. Ukuba kukho okuninzi kwiatmosfera, kuya kuba shushu ngakumbi: ubushushu belanga obubetha umhlaba abunakuphinda buwushiye lula umhlaba.
Injongo yokukhusela imozulu kukugcina ubushushu beplanethi yethu bungaphantsi kwamaqondo amabini ngokukaCelsius. Izazinzulu zicinga ukuba ukufudumala okungaphezulu kunokuba nemiphumo emibi kakhulu kwisijikelezi-langa sethu nabemi baso. Olu sukelo lubekwe phantse kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi eParis ngo-2015.
Noko ke, imozulu sele ifudunyezwe malunga neqondo elinye. Ukufudumala kwakhona kuyakhula. Ke ngoko, phantse zonke izazinzulu zinoluvo lokuba umntu kufuneka enze okuthile ngokukhawuleza ukuze afikelele usukelo.
Ungayikhusela njani imozulu?
Uninzi lwezinto esizenzayo mihla le zikhupha iigesi zegreenhouse emoyeni. Iindawo ezininzi zobomi bethu zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi: ekhaya xa uhamba, kwiifektri, njalo njalo. Ukuze sikhusele imozulu, kufuneka sizame kwelinye icala ukusebenzisa amandla amancinci. Kwelinye icala, kufuneka siqinisekise ukuba la mandla acoceke kangangoko.
Okwangoku, amandla amaninzi asafunyanwa koko kubizwa ngokuba ngamafutha efosili. Le yimithombo yamandla egcinwe ngaphantsi komhlaba kangangezigidi zeminyaka. Izixa ezikhulu zecarbon dioxide ziye zagcinwa kuzo ukususela ngelo xesha. Xa zitshiswa, le carbon dioxide iphumela emoyeni. Amafutha efosili aquka, umzekelo, ioli ekrwada, igesi yendalo, kunye namalahle aqinileyo.
Endaweni yala mafutha efosili, kufuneka kusetyenziswe amandla ahlaziyekayo kuphela. Umbane ke ngoko kufuneka uveliswe ngee turbines zomoya, iiseli zesola, okanye umbane oqhutywa ngamanzi. Abaphandi basebenzela ukuphucula obu buchule kwaye bayile iindlela ezintsha zokuvelisa amandla avuselelekayo. Kwixesha elizayo, iimoto, iinqwelomoya, kunye nezinye iindlela zothutho nazo zinokusebenza ngombane ovela kumandla ahlaziyekayo.
Ezinye izibaso zinokukhula kwakhona: zenziwe ngezityalo, umzekelo. I-biogas ebizwa ngokuba yi-biogas nayo inokuveliswa ngolu hlobo, umzekelo, ukutshisa indlu. Kukho neenjini ezisebenza kwi-hydrogen. I-Hydrogen sisibaso, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kuphela ukuvelisa amanzi angenabungozi kwimozulu.
Kodwa kwanale mithombo yamandla icocekileyo inobuthathaka bayo. Ihydrogen kufuneka iveliswe kuqala. Oku kufuna amandla amaninzi. Ii-windmills zinokuba yingozi kwiintaka ezininzi kwaye ziphazamise ubuhle bendawo kubantu abaninzi. Ukuveliswa kweeseli zelanga kudla amandla amaninzi. Amadama atshintsha indlela yendalo yemilambo kwaye atshabalalise indawo yokuhlala yezilwanyana ezininzi. Uninzi lwale mithombo yamandla aluboneleli ngomlinganiselo ofanayo wamandla ngalo lonke ixesha. Iiseli zelanga azisebenzi ebusuku, umzekelo. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukugcina umbane ngandlela ithile, kodwa oku kubiza kakhulu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Kwakhona kukho ingxaki ngemithombo yamandla ahlaziyekayo kunye namafutha: ukuba uhlakulela into ethile kwintsimi ukuze uvelise amandla kuyo, awukwazi ukuhlakulela izityalo ezidliwayo apho ngexesha elifanayo. Okanye izityalo ezidliwayo ziguqulwa zibe yi-biogas. Nalapho kukho ukutya kuncinci.
Izinto ezininzi ezilungele imozulu azilungelanga ngokuzenzekelayo okusingqongileyo xa iyonke. Ukhuseleko lwemozulu ke ngoko lukwabandakanya uphando oluqhubekayo kwezi kunye neminye imithombo yamandla ecocekileyo. Injongo kukuba banike amandla amaninzi kwaye babe nemiphumo emibi embalwa kwezinye iindawo.
Izityalo bezisoloko ziyisusa ikharbon diokside emoyeni. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha photosynthesis. Ngoko ke amahlathi abaluleke kakhulu ekukhuselweni kwemozulu kwaye kufuneka agcinwe. Noko ke, thina bantu ngoku sikhupha ikharbon diokside engakumbi kwiatmosfera kunokuba zifunxa zizityalo. Ukongezelela, ayanda amahlathi agawulwayo. Ukutyala amahlathi amatsha kunokugcina ikharbon diokside engakumbi ekwimo yomthi. Sithetha ngokutshaya amahlathi. Abanye abaphandi baye benza amacebo okubopha ikharbon diokside kangangoko kunokwenzeka ngezigidi zemithi emitsha.
I-algae nayo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuselweni kwemozulu. Ngenxa yokuba zininzi, zibopha iitoni ezininzi zecarbon dioxide ngonyaka. Xa ubulembu bufile, butshona phantsi elwandle kunye nekharbon diokside enabo. Ngaloo ndlela, basusa ngokusisigxina okuninzi kwi-atmosfera. Ngale ndlela, banokubophelela ngakumbi ikharbon diokside. Nangona kunjalo, akukacaci ukuba yeyiphi imiphumo oku kunokuba nayo.
Uphando lukwaqhutyelwa kwiinketho zobuchwepheshe zokususa i-carbon dioxide emoyeni. Imithi ebizwa ngokuba yimithi eyenziweyo inokuhluza ikharbon diokside emoyeni. Le carbon dioxide ingasetyenziswa. Ingasetyenziswa njengesichumiso kwizityalo kwi-greenhouse okanye isetyenziselwa ukwenza izibaso ezenziweyo. Nangona kunjalo, le teknoloji ayikwanelanga ukususa izixa ezikhulu zegesi ye-greenhouse emoyeni.
Iindlela zikwaphuhliswa kumaziko ombane asebenzisa amafutha efosili njengamalahle ukukhupha ikharbon diokside encinane emoyeni. Kunokuba ikhuphe ikharbon diokside kwiatmosfera, ithunyelwa kumatye angaphantsi komhlaba. Ngoko ayisenagalelo ekufudumaleni.
Abantu bahlala besithi into ethile "ingathathi hlangothi kwimozulu". Kwelinye icala, oku kunokuthetha ukuba imveliso yenziwa ngokupheleleyo ngamandla ahlaziyekayo kwaye ke akukho carbon dioxide yangena emoyeni. Kodwa kusenokuthetha ukuba icarbon dioxide ingenile ngokwenene emoyeni. Kodwa umenzi uye waxhasa iiprojekthi ezigcina inani elifanayo lekhabhoni diokside kwakhona. Ngoko akusekho gesi yegreenhouse emoyeni kunangaphambili. Oku kukwabizwa ngokuba “yimbuyekezo”. Ngokomzekelo, inqwelo-moya ende ikhuphela icarbon dioxide eninzi emoyeni. Ngoko ke, abanye abahambi ngokuzithandela bahlawula imali eninzi kwintlangano. Oku kuchitha imali kwiiprojekthi ezigcina isixa esifanayo sekharbon diokside eveliswe ngexesha lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya. Oku kwenza ukuba inqwelomoya "ingathathi hlangothi kwimozulu".
Ngaba imozulu ikhuseleke ngokwaneleyo?
Ngowe-1990, kwisixeko saseJapan iKyoto, phantse ilizwe ngalinye ehlabathini lazibekela usukelo lokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweegesi ze<em>greenhouse okokuqala ngqa. Ukususela ngoko, amanye amazwe sele enciphise ezinye zeegesi ze<em>greenhouse. Ehlabathini lonke, ukukhutshwa kwegesi ye-greenhouse kuqhubekile ukunyuka.
Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi ngoku baqinisekileyo ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luyingozi kakhulu kwaye lunokuvakala. Bafuna oorhulumente babo bayikhusele ngcono imozulu. Ukusukela ekupheleni kuka-2018, abantu abatsha abavela ngoLwesihlanu kwikamva kunye neminye imibutho yokukhusela indalo kwihlabathi jikelele bebekhankasela oku. Bayanda abantu abadumileyo abasebenzisa inqanaba labo lodumo ukutsalela ingqalelo kutshintsho lwemozulu.
Kumazwe amaninzi, oorhulumente baye bagqiba okanye baya kwenza isigqibo ngezicwangciso zokukhusela imozulu. La mazwe afuna ukukhulula kancinci kancinci iigesi zegreenhouse emoyeni. Amazwe amaninzi anezicwangciso zokuba angathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni okanye aphantse abe ne-carbon neutral ngo-2050. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kufuneka aphumeze amanyathelo amaninzi kwiminyaka ezayo ukuze le njongo ifezekiswe.
Oku kudla ngokubizwa ngokuba lixabiso le-carbon dioxide. Kwixesha elizayo, kuya kufuneka amazwe amaninzi ahlawule imali ngetoni nganye yecarbon dioxide ayikhuphayo. Kuyathenjwa ukuba ibhaso liyakukhuthaza abantu kunye neenkampani ukuba banciphise ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni.
Ukhuseleko lwemozulu lukwathetha ukuba abantu kufuneka baziqhelanise nemozulu eguqukayo. Umzekelo, izixeko eziselunxwemeni lolwandle kufuneka zicinge ngokunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle. Ngoko ke kufuneka uqale ukucinga ngendlela yokuzikhusela kwizikhukula namhlanje. Abasebenzi bamahlathi bamele bawagcine amahlathi abo ngendlela yokuba bakwazi ukuphila kwindawo efudumeleyo nembi kakhulu.
Kodwa kudala kukho izicwangciso ezifikelela kude zokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Abantu babeza kuba nempembelelo enkulu kwimozulu yoMhlaba. Enye ingcamango iya kuba kukukhupha iisathelayithi ezithile emajukujukwini. Njengohlobo oluthile lweparasol, ezi ziya kuqinisekisa ukuba imitha yelanga embalwa efika emhlabeni ize iwupholise. Enye ingcamango iya kuba kukubeka imichiza kwi-atmosfera enokuthi ipholise.
Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi ngcamango ziphikisana kakhulu kuba ngokuqinisekileyo ziya kubandakanya ingozi kunye neengxaki ezingaphezulu. Kwakhona babenokuphakamisa ithemba lobuxoki. Uninzi lwezazinzulu, ke ngoko, zicinga ukuba kufuneka siqale senze konke esinako ukunqanda utshintsho lwemozulu ngeendlela ezingenabungozi kangako.