UMary Allen
Ukutshintsha kwemozulu lutshintsho lwangoku kwimozulu. Ngokwahlukileyo kwimozulu, imozulu ithetha indlela ekushushu okanye kubanda ngayo kwindawo ixesha elide kunye nokuba imozulu iqhele ukuba njani apho. Imozulu ihlala ifana ixesha elide, ngoko ayitshintshi okanye itshintsha ngokucothayo kuphela.
Imozulu eMhlabeni iye yatshintsha amaxesha amaninzi kwixesha elide. Ngokomzekelo, kwakukho ixesha lomkhenkce kwi-Old Stone Age. Ngelo xesha kwakubanda kakhulu kunokuba kunjalo namhlanje. Olu tshintsho lwemozulu lungokwemvelo kwaye lunezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imozulu itshintsha ngokucothayo, kwiinkulungwane ezininzi. Umntu ongatshatanga akayi kuluphawula utshintsho olunjalo ebomini bakhe kuba uhamba kancinci.
Nangona kunjalo, ngoku sijongene nokutshintsha kwemozulu okwenzeka ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba amaqondo obushushu ayatshintsha nakwisithuba esifutshane sobomi bomntu. Imozulu ehlabathini lonke iya isiba shushu. Enye ikwathetha ngotshintsho lwemozulu, intlekele yemozulu, okanye ukufudumala komhlaba. Unobangela wolu tshintsho lwemozulu ngokukhawuleza yindoda. Xa abantu besebenzisa igama elithi ukutshintsha kwemozulu namhlanje, badla ngokuthetha le ntlekele.
Yintoni umphumo wegreenhouse?
Oko kubizwa ngokuba yi-greenhouse effect eneneni iqinisekisa ukuba kushushu kamnandi emhlabeni kwaye hayi ingqele eqhaqhazelisa amazinyo njengasesibhakabhakeni. Umoya, oko kukuthi, umoya ojikeleze isijikelezi-langa sethu, uneegesi ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ezinye zezi zibizwa ngokuba ziigesi zegreenhouse. Eyona nto yaziwayo kwezi yicarbon dioxide, ishunqulelwe kwi CO2.
Ezi gesi zenza umphumo emhlabeni ukuba abalimi, umzekelo, basebenzise kwiindawo zabo zokugcina izityalo okanye kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo. Ezi "zindlu" zeglasi zivumela ukukhanya kwelanga kungene, kodwa inxalenye yobushushu kuphela. Iglasi iyayikhathalela loo nto. Ukuba imoto ishiywe elangeni ixesha elide, unokwazi ukugcina into efanayo: ifudumala ngokunganyamezelekiyo okanye ishushu emotweni.
Kwi-atmosfera, iigesi ze-greenhouse zithatha indima yeglasi. Uninzi lwemitha yelanga ifikelela emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa iatmosfera. Oku kubangela ukuba bafudumale umhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, umhlaba uphinde ukhuphe obu bushushu kwakhona. Iigesi zegreenhouse ziqinisekisa ukuba asibubo bonke ubushushu obuphumayo bubuyele emajukujukwini. Oku kufudumala umhlaba. Le yimpembelelo yendalo ye-greenhouse. Ibaluleke kakhulu kuba ngaphandle kwayo bekungayi kubakho imozulu entle ngolo hlobo emhlabeni.
Kutheni kuya kuba shushu emhlabeni?
Okukhona kukho iigesi zegreenhouse ezingakumbi emoyeni, kokukhona kuthintela imitha yobushushu ukuba ingawushiyi umhlaba. Oku kufudumala umhlaba. Yile nto kanye ibisenzeka kangangexesha elithile.
Umlinganiselo weegesi zegreenhouse emoyeni ubusanda ngaphezu kweminyaka elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwako konke, kusoloko kukho ikharbon diokside engakumbi. Inxalenye enkulu yaloo carbon dioxide ivela kwizinto ezenziwa ngabantu.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwabakho iRevolution Revolution. Ukususela ngoko, abantu bebetshisa iinkuni namalahle amaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, amalahle asetyenziswa kakhulu ukuvelisa umbane. Kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, ukutshiswa kweoli kunye negesi yendalo yongezwa. I-oyile ekrwada ingakumbi isibaso esibalulekileyo kuninzi lweendlela zethu zothutho zanamhlanje: iimoto, iibhasi, iinqanawa, iinqwelomoya, njalo njalo. Uninzi lwazo lutshisa izibaso ezenziwe ngepetroleum kwiinjini zazo ukuze xa zitshisa kuphume ikharbon diokside.
Ukongeza, amahlathi amaninzi agawulwa, ngakumbi amahlathi amandulo. Oku kuyingozi ngakumbi kwimozulu kuba imithi ihluza ikharbon diokside emoyeni kwaye ikhusela imozulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba zinqunywe kwaye zitshiswe, i-CO2 eyongezelelweyo ikhutshwa emoyeni.
Inxalenye yomhlaba ofunyanwa ngolu hlobo usetyenziselwa ezolimo. Iinkomo ezininzi ezifuywa ngabantu apho nazo ziyonakalisa imozulu. Irhasi yegreenhouse eyingozi ngakumbi iveliswa kwizisu zemfuyo: imethane. Ukongeza kwimethane, izilwanyana nobugcisa babantu buvelisa ezinye iigesi ezingaziwayo kangako. Ezinye zazo ziyingozi ngakumbi kwimozulu yethu.
Ngenxa yokufudumala, i-permafrost eninzi iyancibilika emantla. Ngenxa yoko, kuphuma iigesi ezininzi emhlabeni, nto leyo efudumeza nemozulu. Oku kudala isangqa esikhohlakeleyo, kwaye siya siba mbi ngakumbi.
Zithini iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu?
Okokuqala, iqondo lobushushu emhlabeni liya kwanda. Zingaphi izidanga eziya kunyuka kunzima ukuqikelela namhlanje. Oko kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi, kodwa ngaphezu kwayo yonke into malunga nokuba zingaphi iigesi ze-greenhouse thina bantu esiza kube zivuthela emoyeni kule minyaka izayo. Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba, kwimeko embi kakhulu, umhlaba unokufudumala nje ngaphezu kwe-5 degrees ngo-2100. Sele ushushu malunga ne-1 degree xa kuthelekiswa nobushushu bangaphambi koshishino lwenkulungwane ye-19.
Nangona kunjalo, akuyi kufana kuyo yonke indawo, la manani angumndilili kuphela. Eminye imimandla iya kufudumala kakhulu kuneminye. Ngokomzekelo, i-Arctic ne-Antarctic inokuba shushu kakhulu.
Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lwemozulu lunemiphumo kuyo yonke indawo kwiplanethi yethu. Umkhenkce okwiArctic neAntarctic uyanyibilika, ubuncinci inxalenye yawo. Iyafana ncam ngemikhenkce ekwiiAlps nakwezinye iintaba zehlabathi. Ngenxa yobuninzi be-meltwater, umgangatho wolwandle uphakama. Umhlaba ongaselunxwemeni uzaliswe zizikhukula ngenxa yoko. Iziqithi zonke zisengozini yokuphela, kuquka nezo zimiyo, njengeMaldives, iTuvalu, okanye iPalau.
Ngenxa yokuba imozulu itshintsha ngokukhawuleza, izityalo nezilwanyana ezininzi aziyi kukwazi ukuziqhelanisa nazo. Ezinye zezi ziza kulahlekelwa yindawo yazo yokuhlala zize ekugqibeleni zingabikho. Iintlango nazo ziya ziba nkulu. Imozulu embi kakhulu kunye neentlekele zendalo zinokuthi zenzeke rhoqo: iindudumo ezinzima, izaqhwithi ezinamandla, izikhukhula, imbalela, njalo njalo.
Uninzi lwezazinzulu ziyasilumkisa ukuba sihlale sishushu kangangoko sinako kwaye senze okuthile ngotshintsho lwemozulu ngokukhawuleza. Bacinga ukuba ngaxa lithile kuya kube kusemva kwexesha kwaye imozulu iya kugquba ngokupheleleyo. Emva koko imiphumo inokuba yintlekele.
Wazi njani ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu luyenzeka?
Okoko bekukho iithermometers, abantu bebelinganisa kwaye berekhoda ubushushu obangqongileyo. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, uya kuqaphela ukuba ubushushu buhlala buphakama, kwaye bukhawuleza kwaye bukhawuleza. Kwaye kwafunyaniswa ukuba umhlaba sele ushushu ngeqondo eli-1 namhlanje kunokuba wawunjalo kwiminyaka engama-150 eyadlulayo.
Izazinzulu ziye zafunda ngendlela etshintshe ngayo imozulu yehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, bahlola umkhenkce okwiArctic neAntarctic. Kwiindawo ezinzulu zomkhenkce, unokubona ukuba imozulu yayinjani kwakudala. Unokubona kwakhona ukuba zeziphi iigesi ezazisemoyeni. Izazinzulu zafumanisa ukuba yayikhe yancinci icarbon dioxide emoyeni kunanamhlanje. Ngokusuka koku, babekwazi ukubala ubushushu obukhoyo ngexesha elithile.
Phantse zonke izazinzulu zinoluvo lokuba kudala sisiva iziphumo zokutshintsha kwemozulu. Unyaka ka-2015 ukuya ku-2018 ibiyeyona minyaka mine ishushu ehlabathini lonke ukusukela oko imozulu yabonwa. Kukwakho umkhenkce omncinci wolwandle kwi-Arctic kwiminyaka yakutshanje kunokuba kwakunjalo kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ehlotyeni lika-2019, amaqondo obushushu amatsha alinganiswa apha.
Liyinyaniso elokuba akukho mntu wazi ngokuqinisekileyo enoba imozulu embi ngolo hlobo inento yokwenza nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Bekusoloko kukho imozulu embi. Kodwa kucingelwa ukuba ziya kwenzeka rhoqo kwaye nangakumbi ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ngoko phantse zonke izazinzulu ziqinisekile ukuba sele siyiva imiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu kwaye iya ikhawuleza. Bakubongoza ukuba wenze ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuthintela iziphumo ezibi nangakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho abantu abakholelwa ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu alukho.
Ngaba unokuyeka ukutshintsha kwemozulu?
Sithi bantu kuphela esinokunqanda ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuba nathi siyibangela. Sithetha ngokhuseleko lwemozulu. Zininzi iindlela zokukhusela imozulu.
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukukhupha iigesi ezimbalwa ze-greenhouse emoyeni. Okokuqala, kufuneka sizame ukugcina amandla amaninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Amandla esisawadingayo kufuneka abe ngamandla ahlaziyekayo, ukuveliswa kwawo kungavelisi nayiphi na icarbon dioxide. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, unokuqinisekisa ukuba kukho iigesi ezimbalwa ze-greenhouse kwindalo. Ngokutyala imithi emitsha okanye ezinye izityalo, kunye neendlela zobugcisa, iigesi ze-greenhouse kufuneka zisuswe emoyeni.
Ngo-2015, amazwe ehlabathi agqibe ekubeni anciphise ukufudumala kwehlabathi ukuya kutsho kwii-2 degrees. Bade bagqiba kwelokuba bazame yonke into ukuze babenze bancinci ngesiqingatha sesidanga. Nangona kunjalo, ekubeni ukufudumala malunga ne-1 degree sele kuphunyeziwe, abantu kufuneka basebenze ngokukhawuleza ukuze injongo ifezekiswe.
Uninzi lwabantu, ngakumbi abantu abatsha, bacinga ukuba abezopolitiko benza kancinci kakhulu ukusindisa imozulu. Baququzelela imiboniso kwaye bafune ukukhuselwa ngakumbi kwemozulu. Le miboniso ngoku iqhubeka kwihlabathi liphela kwaye ubukhulu becala ngooLwezihlanu. Bazibiza ngokuba “ngoLwesihlanu Lwekamva” ngesiNgesi. Oko kuthetha ngesiJamani: “NgoLwesihlanu kwikamva.” Abaqhankqalazi banoluvo lokuba sonke sinekamva kuphela xa sikhusela imozulu. Kwaye ukuze kuphunyezwe olu sukelo, umntu ngamnye kufuneka acinge ngento anokuyenza ukuphucula ukukhuselwa kwemozulu.