UMary Allen
Ilizwe elitsha, ulwimi olutsha: zinjani izinja kumazwe angalwaziyo ulwimi?
Izinja zihlala zihamba nabantu bazo ngaphezu kweminyaka elishumi. Bangamaqabane eholide, amava okwahlukana, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bahamba besuka kwelinye ilizwe besiya kwelinye kunye nabanini babo. Kwenzeka okufanayo kwiBorder Collie Kun-Kun xa umnini wakhe uLaura Cuaya wasuka eMexico waya eHungary. Ilizwe elitsha, ulwimi olutsha: Ngequbuliso kwavakala ingoma eqhelekileyo neyomculo ethi “Buenos Días!” yaba yinto engaqhelekanga, enzima ngakumbi “Jò napot!”
Ngaba inja yam iyaqaphela ukuba kuthethwa ulwimi olwahlukileyo kufutshane naye kwaye ezinye izinja kwipaki yezinja zisabela kwimiyalelo eyahlukeneyo? Isazi sebhayoloji sokuziphatha emva koko sazibuza. Lo ngumbuzo onomdla abazali abaninzi abamkela izinja zangaphandle baye bazibuza ngezihlandlo eziliqela.
Inkosana encinci kwi-brain scan
Akhange kubekho uphando malunga nokuba ukuqondwa kolwimi kunye nocalucalulo bubuchule bomntu. Noko ke, into eyaziwayo kukuba iintsana zinokukwenza oku kwangaphambi kokuba zizithethelele. Ukufumana indlela izinja ezisabela ngayo kwiilwimi ezahlukeneyo, uCuaya kunye noogxa bakhe abavela kwiYunivesithi yase-Eötvös Loránd eBudapest baqeqeshe izinja ezili-18 zemvelaphi yaseSpanish kunye neHungary ukuba zilale ngokuzolileyo kwi-tomograph yekhompyutha. Kubahlobo abanemilenze emine ekhululekileyo ngoku, yayilixesha lesifundo sokufunda: baphulaphula ibali lenkosana encinane ngee-headphones, ababefundelwa zona ngesiHungary, iSpanish, nasemva ngamaqhekeza aphuma kuzo zombini iilwimi.
Isiphumo: Ngokusekwe kumsebenzi wobuchopho kwi-cortex yokuqala yokuva, abaphandi abakwazanga ukuxelela ukuba izinja zisivile iSpanish okanye isiHungary, kodwa ukuba yayiyenye yeelwimi okanye amaqhekeza amagama kwisicatshulwa esifundwe ngasemva. Umahluko ogqwesileyo wabonwa kwi-cortex ye-auditory yesibini: ulwimi lwenkobe kunye nolwimi lwangaphandle luvelise iipateni ezahlukeneyo zokuvula kwi-cortex yokuva, ngakumbi kwizilwanyana ezindala. Izazinzulu zigqiba kwelokuba izinja ziyakwazi ukukhetha kwaye zicalule ukuva rhoqo kweelwimi ezidibana nazo kubo bonke ubomi babo. Uphononongo lwexesha elizayo kufuneka ngoku lubonise ukuba ngaba ukufuywa kwiinkulungwane ezinde kwabona bahlobo bokwenene bomntu kubenze ukuba babenesiphiwo sokuqaphela intetho.
Umbuzo obuzwa rhoqo
Ngaba izinja ziyaziqonda ezinye iilwimi?
Ngethuba lokuqala, abaphandi baye bafakazela ukuba kungekhona abantu kuphela abakwaziyo ukwahlula iilwimi ezahlukeneyo: Kwanasezinja, ingqondo ibonisa iipatheni zomsebenzi ezahlukeneyo, kuxhomekeke ekubeni umhlobo onemilenze emine uqhelene nolwimi oluvileyo okanye hayi.
Ngaba izinja ziyazazi iilwimi?
Kuvavanyo, nangona kunjalo, izinja azizange zikwazi ukuqaphela intetho kuphela, kodwa nokwahlula phakathi kwazo. Izikena zibonise ukuba abo bantu banemilenze emine beva iSpanish babenempendulo eyahlukileyo kwi-cortex ye-auditory yesibini kunabo beva isiHungary.
Zingaphi iilwimi eziqondwa zizinja?
Uphando ekugqibeleni lwafumanisa ukuba umndilili yayingama-89 amagama okanye amabinzana amafutshane anokuthi izinja ziwaqonde. Izilwanyana ezikrelekrele kuthiwa zide zasabela ukuya kutsho kumagama angama-215 – kakhulu!
Ngaba izinja ziyasiqonda isiJamani?
Izilwanyana ezininzi ziyazazi iindlela zokuthetha komntu. Ngoku kuvela ukuba izinja zinobuchule kakhulu kuyo. Uphononongo olutsha kwijenali i-NeuroImage icebisa ukuba bangakwazi ukwahlula ulwimi oluqhelekileyo kolunye ulandelelwano lwezandi.
Ngawaphi amagama aqondwa yinja?
Ngaphandle kwamagama afundiweyo afana nelithi “hlala”, “kulungile” okanye “apha” umhlobo onemilenze emine akaluqondi ulwimi lwethu ngokoqobo, kodwa uyasiva ukuba sinomsindo okanye sonwabile. Ngo-2016, abaphandi bapapasha iziphumo zophando olubandakanya izinja ze-13.
Ngaba inja inokucinga?
Izinja zizilwanyana ezikrelekrele ezithanda ukuhlala kwiipakethe, zinxibelelana nathi ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo, kwaye zibonakala zikwazi ukucinga ngendlela entsonkothileyo. Ingqondo yenja ayohlukanga kwaphela kwingqondo yomntu.
Inja ibonisa njani umbulelo?
Xa inja yakho ixhuma phezulu kwaye iphantsi, yenza umdaniso owonwabileyo, kwaye ishukumisa umsila wayo, ibonisa ulonwabo lwayo olungenasiphelo. Uyakuthanda! Ukukhotha izandla zakho, ukukhonkotha, kunye nokutswina kusenokuba luphawu lokuba umhlobo wakho onemilenze emine ebemkhumbula kangakanani lowo umthandayo.
Ngaba inja ingabukela umabonakude?
Ngokubanzi, izilwanyana ezifana nezinja kunye neekati zinokubukela iTV. Nangona kunjalo, unokulindela ukusabela kuphela ukuba imifanekiso kamabonwakude ibithathwe ngokwembono oyiqhelileyo. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba izinto ezifanelekileyo kubahlobo abanemilenze emine, ezifana ne-conspecifis, zibonisiwe.