UMary Allen
I-axolotl ayibonakali nje intle kwaye ingaqhelekanga; intulo yaseMexico nayo inamandla anokumoneleka: inokuphinda-phinda amalungu kunye neendawo zomnqonqo kwisithuba seeveki.
I-Axolotl - intulo yaseMexico ehlala uninzi lobomi bayo emanzini. Ungumntu ongaqhelekanga ongenakwahlulwa ngokubonakalayo ngoko nangoko. Kwenye indawo phakathi kwenewt, salamander, kunye netadpole. Oku kungenxa yokuba ihlala ikwinqanaba lombungu kubo bonke ubomi bayo kodwa ikhula ngokwesondo. Ibizwa ngokuba neoteny.
I-axolotl ikhula ukuya kwi-25 centimeters ngobukhulu kwaye ukuya kwiminyaka engama-25 ubudala. I-amphibian ikhona malunga ne-350 yezigidi zeminyaka, kodwa ngamanani amancinci kuphela: ngoku kukho imizekelo emininzi ehlala kwiilabhoratri kunasendle.
Bude kangakanani ubomi be-axolotl?
Ubomi obuqhelekileyo - iminyaka eyi-10-15. Umbala kunye neempawu - iindidi ezininzi ezaziwayo ze-pigmentation, ezibandakanya i-brown, emnyama, i-albino, ingwevu, kunye nepinki ephaphathekileyo; izikhondo zegill zangaphandle kunye ne-caudal dorsal fin ngenxa ye-neoteny. Abemi basendle - 700-1,200 malunga.
Zingaphi ii-axolotls ezingena kwi-aquarium?
Umndilili wobomi obulindelekileyo bumalunga ne-15 leminyaka. Izilwanyana ziyaziwa ukuba zifikelele kwiminyaka yobudala be-Methusela ye-25. Ubuncinci beminyaka yobudala buphakathi kweminyaka esibhozo ukuya kwelishumi.
Ngaba i-axolotls ingaphila iminyaka eyi-100?
Ii-Axolotls zihlala iminyaka eyi-10-15 ekuthinjweni, kodwa zinokuphila ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 xa zikhathalelwe kakuhle. Eyona indala i-axolotl ayaziwa kodwa iminyaka yabo inokubothusa njengoko besiba zizilo-qabane eziqhelekileyo njengoko ezinye iintlobo ze-salamander zinobomi obude ngokumangalisayo (ngaphezulu koku kungezantsi!)
I-Axolotl: i-monster yasemanzini eneegill
Igama elithi "axolotl" livela kwi-Aztec kwaye lithetha into efana "nesilwanyana samanzi". Isilwanyana, esifikelela kwiisentimitha ezingama-25 ubude, senza umbono onoxolo. Ekhohlo nasekunene kwentamo kukho i-gill appendages, ethi kwezinye iindidi igxininiswe ngombala kwaye ikhangeleka njengemithi emincinci.
Imilenze ye-axolotl kunye nentambo yomgogodla inokuphinda ikhule
Kwaye kukho enye into eyenza isilwanyana esikhethekileyo: ukuba siphulukene nomlenze, sikhula ngokukhawuleza kwiiveki ezimbalwa. Iyakwazi kwakhona ukuhlaziya ngokupheleleyo iindawo zomnqonqo kunye nezicubu ze-retinal ezilimele. Akukho mntu uyazi ukuba kutheni i-axolotl inokuphinda ikhule imilenze yonke igcwele amathambo, izihlunu kunye nemithambo-luvo. Kodwa izazinzulu ziye zahamba ixesha elide kwaye sele zichaze yonke i-genetic information ye-axolotl.
I-DNA ephindwe kalishumi kunabantu
Ulwazi olupheleleyo lwezofuzo lwe-axolotl luqukethe i-32 yeebhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni ezisisiseko kwaye ngoko ke ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezilishumi ubukhulu be-genome yomntu. I-genome ye-amphibian ke ngoko ikwayeyona genome inkulu esele yacaciswa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Iqela elikhokelwa ngumphandi u-Elly Tanaka ovela eVienna, eHeidelberg naseDresden wafumana iindidi ezininzi zemfuza ezenzeka kuphela kwi-axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-amphibian. Le mizila yemfuza iyasebenza kwiithishu ezikhula ngokutsha.
"Ngoku sinemephu yemfuza esandleni esinokuyisebenzisa ukufunda indlela izinto ezintsonkothileyo - imilenze, umzekelo - inokuphinda ikhule."
USergei Nowoshilov, umbhali-mbhali wesifundo, epapashwe kwiphephancwadi elithi 'Nature' ngoJanuwari 2018.
Yonke i-axolotl genome icaciswe
Ngenxa yeepropati zayo, i-axolotl ibe yinto yophando malunga ne-150 iminyaka. Enye yeekholoni ezinkulu ze-axolotl zikhathalelwa kwiLebhu ye-Molecular Pathology eVienna. Bangaphezu kwama-200 abaphandi abaqhuba uphando olusisiseko lwebhayoloji kweli ziko.
Ufuzo lwe-Axolotl ludlala indima ebalulekileyo
Ukusebenzisa iteknoloji yePacBio ukuchonga ubude obude be-genome, i-axolotl genome yaqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Kwaphawulwa ukuba i-gene yophuhliso ebalulekileyo kunye nokusabalalisa ngokubanzi - "i-PAX3" - ilahlekile ngokupheleleyo kwi-axolotl. Umsebenzi wayo uthathwa yijini ehambelana nayo ebizwa ngokuba yi "PAX7". Zombini izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni izihlunu kunye nemithambo-luvo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isicelo esinjalo kufuneka siphuhliselwe abantu.
Akukho nanye i-axolotl esele endle
Ukuqikelela ukuba zingaphi ii-axolotl ezisele endle kunzima - abanye abaphandi babeka inani malunga ne-2,300, kodwa linokuba mbalwa kakhulu. Uqikelelo lwango-2009 lubeka iikopi phakathi kwama-700 kunye ne-1,200 kuphela. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu kungcoliseko oluqatha lwendawo ezihlala izilwanyana eMexico, njengoko zithanda ukuhlala kwimibhobho yogutyulo apho inkunkuma yethu igungxulwa khona. Kodwa nakwiintlobo zeentlanzi ezisuka kwamanye amazwe eziye zaziswa ukuphucula ukunikezelwa kweeprotheni kubemi. Ngoxa i-carp ehleliweyo ithanda ukucoca amaqanda, i-cichlids ihlasela ama-axolotl amancinci.
I-Axolotl gene iyantlukwano iyehla kwilebhu
Iisampuli zokugqibela zihlala kwiLake Xochimilco nakwamanye amachibi amancinci akwintshona yesiXeko saseMexico. I-axolotl ithathwa njengesengozini enkulu ukususela ngo-2006. Uninzi, imizekelo emininzi ngoku ihlala kwii-aquariums, iilebhu, kunye nezikhululo zokuzala kunasendle. Ezinye zikhuliswa kwiindawo zokutyela eJapan. Ezinye ziyaqhubeka zisetyenziselwa uphando. I-gene pool iyancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha, kuba iindidi zihlala zidityaniswe kunye nazo. Akwaziwa ukuba ii-axolotls zokuzala ziseneempawu ezifanayo nezihlobo zazo kwindalo.
Ukugcina i-axolotl kwi-aquarium
EMexico, ilizwe layo, i-axolotl ithandwa kakhulu njengesilwanyana sasekhaya, esiphantse sahlonitshwa. Nabani na ofuna ukuzisa ama-amphibians amancinci kwiindonga zawo ezine anokukwenza oko ngokulula kuba omelele kwaye axhathise. Ukongeza, ngokungafaniyo nezinye i-salamanders, bafuna kuphela i-aquarium kwaye akukho "sahlulo somhlaba". Zonke ziphuma kwinzala, ukuzithatha endle akuvumelekanga ngokungqongqo. Bathanda ubushushu bamanzi obuyi-15 ukuya kwi-21 degrees celcius, ngamanye amaxesha kubanda. Emva koko banokuchacha ngcono kwizifo. Ukuba ufuna ukuzigcina kunye nezinye i-axolotls, ngoko ke kungcono kunye ne-conspecifics yobukhulu obufanayo. Zitya kakhulu ngokutya okuphilayo okufana neentlanzi ezincinci, iinkumba, okanye oononkala abancinci.