Mary Allen
Mawu Oyamba: Mawu Odabwitsa akuti "Tsitsi la Galu"
"Tsitsi la galu" ndi mawu ochititsa chidwi omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri, makamaka ponena za kumwa mowa. Mawuwa nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchiritsa kwa chimfine, koma chiyambi ndi tanthauzo lake ndizobisika. M'nkhaniyi, tiwona malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi mawu akuti "tsitsi la galu," ndikutsatira mbiri yake kupyolera mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana ndi nthawi.
Zikhulupiriro Zakale pa Machiritso a Hangover
Lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito mowa kuti muchiritse chimfine si lingaliro latsopano. M’chenicheni, izo zinayambira m’zitukuko zakale monga Agiriki ndi Aroma, amene ankakhulupirira mu mphamvu yochiritsa ya mowa. Nthawi zambiri amamwa mowa wambiri m'mawa pambuyo pomwa mowa kwambiri, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti zingathandize kuchepetsa zizindikiro zawo. Komabe, mchitidwe umenewu sunali mowa wokha. Mankhwala osiyanasiyana achilengedwe monga zitsamba, zokometsera, ngakhalenso ziwalo za nyama ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito pochiza matenda opumira m’nthaŵi zakale.
Chiphunzitso cha Ma signature
Nthanthi imodzi yomwe imalongosola chiyambi cha "tsitsi la galu" ndi Chiphunzitso cha Ma signature. Mfundo imeneyi, yomwe inafala m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, inanena kuti maonekedwe a zomera kapena nyama angasonyeze mankhwala ake. Mwachitsanzo, ankakhulupirira kuti chomera chokhala ndi maluwa achikasu chimachiritsa jaundice chifukwa mtundu wachikasu unkagwirizana ndi chiwindi, chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi matendawa. Pankhani ya “tsitsi la galu,” anthu amakhulupirira kuti mawuwa amanena za mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito tsitsi la galu limene laluma munthu ngati mankhwala a chiwewe. Izi zinazikidwa pa chikhulupiriro chakuti tsitsili lili ndi zinthu zina zimene galuyo amachiritsa.
Chiphunzitso cha Transfer
Nthanthi ina imene imalongosola chiyambi cha “tsitsi la galu” ndiyo Theory of Transfer. Mfundoyi ikusonyeza kuti mawuwa amachokera ku lingaliro lakuti kumwa mowa pang'ono kungathe kuchiza chimfine chifukwa kumasamutsa zizindikiro kuchokera ku thupi kupita kumaganizo. M’mawu ena, mowa umachititsa dzanzi kwa kanthaŵi kupweteka ndi kusapeza bwino komwe kumadza chifukwa cha chimfine mwa kusamutsira kumaganizo, kulola thupi kuchira.
Folklore ya Medieval ndi Renaissance
M'zaka zapakati pazaka zapakati ndi za Renaissance, "tsitsi la galu" nthawi zambiri linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala amatsenga a matenda osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo kupachika. Ankakhulupirira kuti kumwa mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku tsitsi la galu kungathe kuchiza matenda ndi kuvulala kwamtundu uliwonse, kuphatikizapo mafupa osweka ndi kulumidwa ndi njoka. Komabe, mchitidwe umenewu unkagwirizananso ndi ufiti ndi zamizimu, ndipo anthu ambiri ankazunzidwa chifukwa chougwiritsa ntchito.
Mbiri Yoyamba Kulembedwa ya “Tsitsi la Galu”
Cholembedwa choyamba cha mawu akuti "tsitsi la galu" chimachokera m'buku la 1546 lolembedwa ndi John Heywood lotchedwa "A dialogue conteining the nomber in effect of all the prouerbes in Englishe". M'bukuli, Heywood akulemba kuti, "Ndikupempha kuti mundilole ine ndi anzanga tikhale ndi tsitsi la galu yemwe anatiluma usiku watha." Izi zikusonyeza kuti mawuwa anali atagwiritsidwa kale ntchito m’zaka za m’ma 16, ndipo mwachionekere anali mawu ofala panthaŵiyo.
Mawu mu Ntchito za Shakespeare
Mawu akuti "tsitsi la galu" amapezekanso m'mabuku angapo a Shakespeare, kuphatikizapo "The Tempest" ndi "Antony ndi Cleopatra." Mu "Mphepo Yamkuntho," munthu wotchedwa Trinculo akutero, "Ndakhala ndikukhala ndi pickle kuyambira pamene ndinakuwona kuti, ndikuopa, sindidzachoka m'mafupa anga. Ndidziseka ndekha ndi chilombo chamutu wa galu uyu. Chilombo choyipa kwambiri! Ndinapeza mu mtima mwanga kuti ndimumenye -” pomwe mnzake, Stephano, adayankha, "Bwera, psyopsyona." Trinculo ndiye akuti, “Koma chilombo chosaukacho chamwa. Chilombo chonyansa! Stephano akuyankha kuti, “Ndidzakusonyezani akasupe abwino kwambiri. Ndidzakuvulira zipatso.” Kusinthanitsaku kumakhulupirira kuti kumatanthawuza mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito mowa pochiza chimfine.
Mawu mu English Drinking Culture
Mu chikhalidwe chakumwa cha Chingerezi, "tsitsi la galu" nthawi zambiri limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yotchulira kumwa mowa m'mawa kwambiri kuti muchiritse chimfine. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mokulirapo kunena za vuto lililonse lomwe munthu akugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono kuti athetse vuto lalikulu.
Mawu mu Chikhalidwe Chakumwa cha America
M'chikhalidwe chakumwa cha ku America, "tsitsi la galu" liri ndi tanthauzo lofanana, koma limagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati njira yodzikhululukira kumwa mopitirira muyeso. Pamene wina akunena kuti akufunikira "tsitsi la galu," angatanthauzidwe ngati njira yoti akuyenera kumamwa mowa kuti apewe zotsatira zoipa za chimfine.
Mawu mu Chikhalidwe Chotchuka
Mawu akuti "tsitsi la galu" akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zotchuka, kuphatikizapo nyimbo monga "Tsitsi la Galu" la Nazareti ndi "Hair of the Dogma" lolemba The Dead Kennedys. Yagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mapulogalamu a pa TV monga "The Office" ndi "Cheers," komanso m'mafilimu monga "Withnail and I" ndi "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels."
Mawu M'zinenero Zina
Mawu akuti "tsitsi la galu" adamasuliridwa m'zilankhulo zina zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo "pelo del perro" mu Spanish, "cheveux du chien" mu French, ndi "capello di cane" mu Italy. Matembenuzidwe onsewa amatchula lingaliro lofanana la kugwiritsira ntchito kachinthu kakang’ono kuchiritsa vuto lalikulu.
Kutsiliza: Kutsata Mbiri ya "Tsitsi la Galu"
Mawu akuti "tsitsi la galu" ali ndi mbiri yakale komanso yochititsa chidwi, yomwe inayambira mu zikhulupiriro zakale zokhudzana ndi machiritso a chipale chofewa, nthano zakale ndi za Renaissance, ndi chikhalidwe chakumwa chamakono. Ngakhale kuti chiyambi chenicheni cha mawuwa chikadali nkhani yotsutsana, zikuwonekeratu kuti zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka mazana ambiri monga njira yowonetsera mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito mowa pang'ono pochiza chimfine. Kaya mumakhulupirira zamatsenga ake kapena ayi, mawu akuti "tsitsi la galu" akadali mawu otchuka omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.