Mawu Oyamba: Chinsinsi cha Kunyezimira Kwamawu

Phokoso ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kulankhulana kwa nyama. Kaya ndikuyenda panyanja, kusaka, kapena kucheza ndi anthu, nyama zimadalira phokoso kuti zizilankhulana. Komabe, si mawu onse omwe amapangidwa mofanana. Ziphokoso zina zimatulutsa mauko, pomwe zina sizimamveka. Kusamvetsetseka kwa chifukwa chimene mawu ena amabwerera ku magwero ake pamene ena sakhala odabwitsa kwa asayansi kwa zaka mazana ambiri.

Kumvetsetsa Sayansi ya Echoes

Kuti timvetsetse sayansi ya ma echoes, tiyenera kuyang'ana fizikiki ya mawu. Mafunde amawu amapangidwa pamene chinthu chigwedezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tisunthire uku ndi uku. Mafunde a phokoso amenewa amayenda mumlengalenga mpaka kukafika pa chinthu. Mafunde akamagunda chinthucho, amabwereranso kugwero lake. Izi ndi zomwe timatcha echo.

Kuwonekera kwa mafunde a mawu kumadalira pa zinthu zingapo, monga mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe a chinthu, mtunda wa pakati pa chinthucho ndi magwero a phokoso, ndi maulendo afupipafupi a mafunde. Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse chifukwa chimene nyama zina zimachitira zinthu ngati mmene zimakhalira pamene zina sizichita.

Kufunika kwa Ma Echoes mu Kulankhulana kwa Zinyama

Echoes imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri polankhulana ndi nyama. Zinyama zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ma echo kuti ziyang'ane malo awo ndikupeza nyama. Mwachitsanzo, mileme imatulutsa mawu okwera kwambiri amene amadumpha kuchokera pa zinthu n’kubwerera m’makutu awo. Pounikanso maula, mileme imatha kupanga mapu amalingaliro a malo awo ndikupeza tizilombo tomwe timadya.

Nyama zina, monga ma dolphin ndi anamgumi, zimagwiritsa ntchito maula polankhulana. Nyama za m’madzi zimenezi zimatulutsa phokoso lamitundumitundu, monga kudina ndi kuliza malikhweru, zomwe zimadumphadumpha pa zinthu ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zamoyo zina.

Zinyama Zomwe Zimagwiritsa Ntchito Ma Echos Kuyenda ndi Kusaka

Monga tanenera poyamba paja, nyama zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito malawi poyenda komanso kusaka. Mileme mwina ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha izi. Nyama zouluka zimenezi zimatulutsa phokoso lamphamvu kwambiri lomwe limadumpha kuchoka pa zinthu n’kubwerera m’makutu awo. Pounikanso maula, mileme imatha kupanga mapu amalingaliro a malo awo ndikupeza tizilombo tomwe timadya.

Mbalame zina zimagwiritsanso ntchito ma echo kuti zipeze nyama. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame yotchedwa oilbird ndi mbalame yausiku yomwe imakhala m’mapanga. Imatulutsa madontho angapo omwe amadumphira pamakoma a mphanga ndikuthandiza kuti ipeze nyama yomwe idya, yomwe imakhala ndi zipatso ndi tizilombo.

Chinyama Chodabwitsa Chomwe Sichipanga Echo

Ngakhale kuti nyama zambiri zimadalira ma echo kuti zilankhule komanso kuyenda panyanja, pali nyama imodzi imene siitulutsa mwansangala: kadzidzi. Ngakhale kuti akadzidzi amamva bwino kwambiri ndiponso amatha kupeza nyama mumdima wandiweyani, akalulu samatulutsa mkokomo.

Sayansi Imene Imachititsa Liwu Lachete la Nyamayi

Chifukwa chomwe akadzidzi satulutsa maukosi akadali chinsinsi. Komabe, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti n’zogwirizana ndi mmene nthenga zawo zimapangidwira. Akadzidzi ali ndi nthenga zosinthidwa mwapadera zomwe zidapangidwa kuti zizimveketsa mawu. Izi zimawathandiza kuuluka mwakachetechete ndikubisala nyama zawo popanda kuzindikila.

Unique Physiology ya Nyama Yopanda Echo

Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe kake ka nthenga, akadzidzi alinso ndi matupi apadera omwe amawathandiza kupeŵa kutulutsa mawu. Ali ndi nkhope zazikulu, zooneka ngati mbale zokhala ndi makutu asymmetric. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azitha kudziwa bwino malo omwe nyamazo zimagwidwa popanda kudalira ma echoes.

Momwe Nyama Imeneyi Imayankhulirana Mopanda Mafunde

Ngakhale kuti akadzidzi satulutsa ma echo, akadzidzi amatha kulankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyanasiyana. Amapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma hoot, screeches, ndi malikhweru omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsera madera ndi miyambo yokweretsa.

Ubwino Ungakhalepo wa Mawu Opanda Ma Echoes

Kukhala ndi mawu osamveka kungakhale kopindulitsa kwa nyama zomwe zimadalira machenjerero obisala komanso obisalira. Kwa akadzidzi, zimawalola kusaka mwakachetechete komanso kupeŵa kuzindikiridwa ndi nyama zawo. Zimawathandizanso kuti azilankhulana popanda kupereka malo awo kwa adani omwe angakhale adani.

Zotsatira Pakufufuza ndi Kusunga Zinyama

Kumvetsetsa momwe nyama zimalankhulirana ndikuyenda panyanja ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuyesetsa kuteteza. Pophunzira zakuthupi ndi machitidwe apadera a nyama monga akadzidzi, asayansi amatha kudziwa momwe angatetezere ndi kusunga malo awo.

Kutsiliza: Dziko Losangalatsa la Kulankhulana kwa Zinyama

Dziko la kulankhulana kwa nyama ndi lalikulu komanso losiyanasiyana. Kuchokera pa kumveka kwamphamvu kwa mileme mpaka ku kadzidzi kadzidzi, nyama zasintha njira zosiyanasiyana zolankhulirana. Pophunzira njira zoyankhuliranazi, asayansi akhoza kumvetsa bwino za chilengedwe ndi kupanga njira zotetezera ndi kuteteza.

Maumboni ndi Kuwerenga Mowonjezereka

• National Geographic. (2014). Kodi Kadzidzi Amawuluka Motani? Kuchokera ku https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/3/140304-owls-fly-silently-mystery-solved-science/
• Roeder, KD (1967). N'chifukwa chiyani akadzidzi amalira? Ndemanga ya Quarterly ya Biology, 42 (2), 147-158.
• Simmons, JA, & Stein, RA (1980). Imaging acoustic mu bat sonar: ma echolocation ndi kusinthika kwa echolocation. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 135 (1), 61-84.