Mary Allen
Zipembere ndi nyama zoyamwitsa. Pali mitundu ina isanu: chipembere choyera, chipembere chakuda, chipembere cha ku India, chipembere cha Javan, ndi chipembere cha Sumatran. M’makontinenti ena, zinatha zaka mamiliyoni ambiri zapitazo chifukwa chakuti nyengo yasintha kwambiri. Masiku ano, zipembere zimakhala m’madera ena a ku Asia, komanso kum’mwera ndi pakati pa Africa. Zipembere zili ndi nyanga imodzi, ndipo zamoyo zina zimakhala ndi ziwiri, imodzi yaikulu ndi ina yaing’ono.
Zipembere zimatha kulemera mpaka ma kilogalamu 2000 ndipo zimakhala zazitali pafupifupi mamita anayi. Ali ndi mutu waukulu ndi miyendo yaifupi. Nyanga pamphuno imapangidwa ndi zinthu zofanana ndi khungu. Komabe, maselo afa ndipo amamva chilichonse. Ndi zinthu zomwezo zomwe tsitsi la munthu ndi zikhadabo zimapangidwira kapena zikhadabo za nyama zina zoyamwitsa.
Zipembere zambiri zaphedwa chifukwa chakuti anthu ankafuna nyanga zawo monga chizindikiro cha kupambana kwa nyama zazikuluzikuluzi. Zinthu zokongola zimathanso kuzokota kuchokera ku minyanga ya njovu. Anthu ena ku Asia amakhulupirira kuti nyanga ya chipembere imatha kuchiza matenda. Ndicho chifukwa chake lipenga limagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala achi China. Ichi n’chifukwa chinanso chimene zipembere zambiri zimaphedwa.
Kodi zipembere zimakhala bwanji ndi kuberekana?
Zipembere zimakhala m’masavanna, komanso m’nkhalango zamvula. Ndi nyama zodya udzu ndipo zimadya makamaka masamba, udzu, ndi zitsamba. Mitundu iwiri ya zipembere ku Afirika ilibe mano kutsogolo kwa kamwa, choncho imazula chakudya ndi milomo yawo. Amatha kuthamanga mofulumira kuposa wothamanga wapamwamba ndikuponya mbedza nthawi yomweyo.
Ng'ombe zimakhala pamodzi kapena m'magulu ndi ana awo. Ng'ombe zamphongo nthawi zonse zimakhala zosungulumwa ndipo zimangoyang'ana yaikazi panthawi yokweretsa. Ndiye nthawi zina amamenyera mkazi. Apo ayi, zipembere zimakhala zamtendere kuposa momwe mungaganizire.
Ikakwerana, yaikazi imanyamula ana ake m’mimba kwa miyezi 15 mpaka 18, pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa ya mkazi. Pali pafupifupi konse mapasa. Amayi amadyetsa ana awo ndi mkaka mpaka atadya udzu ndi masamba. Kutalika kwa izi kumasiyana pang'ono kuchokera ku mtundu wina wa chipembere kupita ku mtundu wina.
Mayi wa chipembere choyera amachoka m’gululi asanabereke. Mwana wa ng’ombeyo amalemera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 50, mofanana ndi mwana wa XNUMX mpaka wa zaka khumi ndi ziŵiri zakubadwa. Pambuyo pa ola, imatha kale kuyima ndikuyamwa mkaka. Pambuyo pa tsiku ili kale panjira ndi amayi ake. Patapita miyezi ingapo, imadya udzu. Imamwa mkaka kwa pafupifupi chaka. Patapita zaka zitatu, mayiyo akufuna kukwatiwanso ndipo amathamangitsa ana ake. Mayi akhoza kutenga pakati pa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndipo amuna ali ndi zaka khumi ndi chimodzi.
Kodi zipembere zikuwopsezedwa?
Anthu ambiri, makamaka amuna a ku Asia, amakhulupirira kuti ufa wochokera ku nyanga umathandiza ku matenda ena. Koposa zonse, ziyenera kugwira ntchito pamene kugonana kwa amuna sikukuyenda bwino. N’chifukwa chake ufa wa nyanga za chipembere umagulitsidwa kuposa golide. Izi zimakulitsa kupha nyama, ngakhale opha nyama atagwidwa mobwerezabwereza kapena kuwomberedwa. Choncho, mitundu yambiri ya zipembere kapena mitundu ina yatha kale, ina ili pangozi kapena kuopsezedwa:
Anthu ankaganiza kuti chipembere choyera chakum’mwera chinatha pamene nyama 22,000 zinapezeka pamalo amodzi. Chifukwa cha chitetezo chokhwima, tsopano palinso nyama pafupifupi 1,000. Zimenezi n’zachilendo chifukwa nyamazo n’zogwirizana kwambiri, choncho matenda amatha kuloŵana mosavuta. Chipembere choyera chakumpoto chinali kusowa paliponse koma m’malo ena osungira nyama. Zikhoza kuchulukana mpaka 2018 nyama. Chifukwa cha kupha nyama popanda chilolezo, kwatsala ng’ombe ziwiri zokha m’malo osungiramo nyama ku Kenya lerolino. Ng'ombe yomaliza idamwalira mu Marichi XNUMX.
Kale chipembere chakuda chinatsala pang'ono kutha, koma chiwerengero cha anthu opitilira 5,000. Zaka 200 zapitazo, kunali zipembere za ku India 3,500 zokha. Masiku ano kulinso nyama pafupifupi XNUMX. Mitundu iwiriyi imaonedwa kuti ili pangozi.
Palinso zipembere pafupifupi 100 za ku Sumatran ndi pafupifupi 60 zipembere za ku Javan. Mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazimiririka kale. Mitundu yonse iwiriyi ikuonedwa kuti ili pangozi kwambiri.