Mary Allen
Nkhumba ndi nyama zoyamwitsa. Mu biology, amapanga mtundu wokhala ndi mitundu pafupifupi 15. Ku Ulaya kokha kumakhala nguluwe. Mitundu ina imagawidwa ku Asia ndi Africa, mwachitsanzo ku "Dziko Lakale".
Nkhumba ndi zosiyana kwambiri. Yaing'ono kwambiri ndi pygmy wild boar zochokera ku Asia. Imalemera ma kilogalamu khumi ndi awiri. Ndimo mmene galu wamng’ono amalemera. Yaikulu kwambiri ndi nkhumba yaikulu ya m’nkhalango imene imakhala m’madera otentha a mu Africa. Iwo amatha kufika 300 kilogalamu.
Mutu wautali wokhala ndi mphuno ndi wofanana ndi nkhumba zonse. Maso ndi aang'ono. Agalu alibe mizu ndipo amakula moyo wonse. Amanorana wina ndi mnzake poperana. Alenje amawatcha "minyanga". Amuna ndi aakulu kuposa akazi ndipo ndi oopsa kwambiri pankhondo.
Kodi nkhumba zimakhala bwanji?
Nkhumba zimakonda kukhala m’nkhalango kapena m’madera okhala ndi mitengo ina monga ma savanna. Amayenda makamaka usiku. Masana amagona m’nkhalango zowirira kapena m’dzenje la nyama zina. Payenera kukhala madzi pafupi. Iwo ndi odziwa kusambira komanso ngati malo osambira amatope. Kenako wina akunena kuti: “Iwe ukukomoka. Izi zimatsuka ndikuteteza khungu lanu. Amachotsanso tizirombo toyambitsa matenda. Zimaziziritsanso chifukwa nkhumba sizimatuluka thukuta.
Nkhumba zambiri zimakhalira limodzi m’magulu. Nthawi zambiri, pamakhala zazikazi zochepa ndi ziweto zawo zazing'ono, ana a nkhumba. Mzimayi wamkulu amatchedwa "nsomba". Amuna akuluakulu, ndi nguluwe, amakhala ngati nyama zokhala paokha.
Nkhumba zimadya chilichonse chomwe chingapeze kapena kukumba pansi ndi thunthu lake: mizu, zipatso, masamba, komanso tizilombo kapena nyongolotsi. Small vertebrates nawonso pa menyu, monga nyama zakufa, mwachitsanzo akufa.
Nkhumba zomwe zimakhala m'makhola athu ndi "nkhumba zoweta wamba". Pali mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu lero. Amachokera ku nguluwe zakutchire. Anthu anawaweta. Nkhumba zikakhala kuthengo ku America masiku ano, zikuthawa nkhumba zoweta.
Kodi nkhumba zathu zoweta zinayamba bwanji?
Kale mu nthawi ya Neolithic, anthu anayamba kuzolowera nkhumba zakutchire ndi kuwaswana. Zopezedwa zakale kwambiri zidapezeka ku Middle East. Komanso ku Ulaya kuswana nkhumba kunayamba mofulumira kwambiri. Pang'onopang'ono, mizere yoswana nayonso yasakanikirana. Masiku ano pali mitundu pafupifupi makumi awiri yodziwika bwino ya nkhumba, kuphatikiza ena osadziwika bwino. Chifukwa nkhumba zoweta ndizodziwika bwino kwambiri pagulu la nyama zaku Germany, nthawi zambiri zimangotchedwa "nkhumba".
M’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages, anthu olemera okha ndi amene ankagula nkhumba. Anthu osauka ankadya kwambiri nyama ya ng’ombe imene inasiya kupereka mkaka chifukwa inali yokalamba. Koma nthawi zina anthu osauka ankaweta nkhumba imodzi kapena zingapo. Anapezerapo mwayi pa mfundo yakuti nkhumba zimadya pafupifupi chilichonse chimene angapeze. M’mizinda, nthaŵi zina ankangoyendayenda m’makwalala momasuka, akumadya zinyalala. Ng'ombe sizikanachita zimenezo.
Popeza nkhumba ndi ziweto, mukhoza kuziyendetsa kubusa kapena kunkhalango. Kale, zimenezi zinali ntchito ya anyamata. M’minda, nkhumba zinkadya zimene zinatsala pambuyo pokolola, komanso udzu ndi zitsamba zamitundumitundu. M'nkhalango, kupatula bowa, ankakonda kwambiri mtedza wa beechnuts ndi acorns. Kwa nyama yabwino kwambiri ya ku Spain, nkhumba zimatha kudyetsedwa ndi ma acorns lero.
Nkhumba zapakhomo nthawi zambiri zimaonedwa ngati zauve. Koma sizili choncho. Ngati ali ndi malo okwanira m'khola amapangira ngodya ya chimbudzi. Akamagudubuzika m’matope achinyowa, amatsuka khungu lawo. Komanso, kutentha kwa thupi lawo kumatsika. Izi ndi zofunika chifukwa nkhumba sizingatuluke. Ndipo chifukwa cha matope ouma, iwonso sapsa ndi dzuwa. Iwonso ndi anzeru kwambiri, ngati anyani. Izi zikhoza kuwonetsedwa muzoyesera zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala ngati agalu, mwachitsanzo, nkhosa ndi ng'ombe.
Palinso anthu amene safuna n’komwe kudya nkhumba chifukwa chipembedzo chawo n’chotsutsana nacho. Ayuda ndi Asilamu ambiri amaona nkhumba kukhala nyama “zodetsedwa”. Enanso samapezanso nkhumba yathanzi.
Kodi nkhumba zoweta masiku ano zikuwetedwa bwanji molingana ndi mtundu wake?
Nkhumba zapakhomo ndi ziweto chabe. Alimi kapena oweta nkhumba amaweta nkhumba zapakhomo kuti azipha ndikugulitsa nyama yawo. Pafupifupi, munthu aliyense amadya pafupifupi kilogalamu ya nyama pa sabata. Pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse ndi nkhumba. Chotero nkhumba zambiri zoweta zikufunika: Mu [[Germany] muli nkhumba imodzi pa anthu atatu aliwonse, mu Netherlands, muli ngakhale nkhumba ziŵiri kwa anthu atatu alionse.
Kuti nkhumba zapakhomo zikhale zomasuka, ziyenera kukhala ngati makolo awo, nkhumba zakutchire. Izi zidakali choncho m’madera ambiri padziko lonse. Ku Europe, mumangowona pafamu yachilengedwe. Koma ngakhale pamenepo, sichofunikira kwenikweni. Zimatengera dziko lomwe nkhumbazo zimakhala komanso chisindikizo chovomerezeka ndi famuyo. Nyama yochokera ku nkhumba zokondwa nayonso ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri.
Pafamu yotereyi, pali ziweto zingapo kuposa mazana angapo. Ali ndi malo okwanira m'khola. Pansi pali udzu woti azisakasaka. Amatha kupita kunja tsiku lililonse kapena amakhala kunja konse. Iwo amang'amba nthaka ndi kugudubuzika. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, pamafunika malo ambiri komanso mipanda yabwino kuti nkhumba zisathawe. M'minda yotero, amagwiranso ntchito ndi mitundu yapadera. Nkhumba zilibe ana a nkhumba ambiri ndipo amakula pang'onopang'ono. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito ndi kansalu, komwe kali kachilengedwe.
Nyama ya nyama zotere imakula pang’onopang’ono. Muli madzi ochepa mu poto yokazinga, koma nyama yochuluka yatsala. Koma ndi okwera mtengo.
Mumapeza bwanji nyama yochuluka?
Nkhumba zambiri tsopano zikuwetedwa m’mafamu opanda thanzi. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "mafakitale a nyama" ndipo amatchedwa fakitale. Kuweta kwa nkhumba zotere sikulabadira pang'ono zachilendo za nyamayo ndipo zimapangidwa kuti zipange nyama yochuluka momwe zingathere popanda kuyesetsa pang'ono.
Nyamazo zimakhala pansanjika zolimba zokhala ndi ming’alu. Mkodzo ukhoza kutha ndipo ndowe zimatha kuchotsedwa ndi payipi. Pali zipinda zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zachitsulo. Nyamazo sizingabowole ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa kwambiri.
Kugonana kwenikweni kulibe nkhumba izi. Kubereketsa kumachitika ndi munthu ndi syringe. Nkhumba imakhala ndi pakati pafupifupi miyezi inayi. Mu zinyama, izi zimatchedwa "mimba". Kenako ana a nkhumba okwana 20 amabadwa. Mwa awa, pafupifupi 13 amapulumuka pa avareji. Malingana ngati chiwonetserocho chikuyamwabe ana ake a nkhumba, ana a nkhumba amatchedwa nkhumba zoyamwitsa. "Span" ndi mawu akale oti "titi". Kumeneko ana amayamwa mkaka wawo. Nthawi ya unamwino imatenga pafupifupi mwezi umodzi.
Kenako ana a nkhumba amaleredwa ndi kunenepa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kenako amafika ma kilogalamu 100 ndikuphedwa. Chotero zonsezo zimatenga pafupifupi miyezi khumi pamodzi, osati ngakhale chaka.