Mary Allen
Nkhalango yakale kwambiri ndi nkhalango yopangidwa mwachilengedwe. Unangoyamba wokha ndipo palibe zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti anthu ankadula mitengo kapena kubzala mmenemo. Nkhalango zakale zimawonedwanso kukhala nkhalango zomwe anthu alowererapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Koma kenako anasiya kuchita zimenezi n’kusiya nkhalangoyo n’kubwereranso ku chilengedwe. Patapita nthawi yaitali, munthu akhoza kulankhula za nkhalango kachiwiri.
Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mpaka gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a nkhalango zonse padziko lapansi ndi nkhalango zoyambirira. Izi zimatengera momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito mawuwa mochepa. Koma munthu sayenera kuiwala kuti nkhalango zambiri zasowa. Masiku ano pali minda yambiri, malo odyetserako ziweto, minda, mizinda, mafakitale, ma eyapoti, ndi zina zotero. Nkhalango zakale ndi nkhalango zomwe zagwiritsidwa kale ntchito zikuzimiririka padziko lonse lapansi.
Mawu akuti "nkhalango" nawonso samveka bwino. Nthawi zambiri munthu amangomvetsetsa za nkhalango yamvula. Koma pali mitundu ina yambiri ya nkhalango zakale, zina ku Ulaya koma kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi.
Kodi pali nkhalango zamtundu wanji?
Pafupifupi theka la nkhalangoyi ndi nkhalango yamvula. Zazikulu komanso zofunika kwambiri zili ku Amazon Basin ku South America, ku Congo Basin ku Africa, komanso ku Southeast Asia.
Komanso, pafupifupi theka la nkhalango zakalekale ndi nkhalango za coniferous m’madera ozizira, kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Amapezeka ku Canada, kumpoto kwa Europe, ndi Asia. Asayansi amawatcha kuti boreal coniferous nkhalango kapena taiga. Pali spruces, paini, firs ndi larches okha kumeneko. Kuti nkhalango yotereyi ikule, siyenera kukhala yofunda kwambiri ndipo mvula kapena matalala ayenera kugwa nthawi zonse.
Nkhalango ndi nkhalango yowirira kwambiri kumadera otentha. Nkhalango zambiri zakale zimatchedwa nkhalango. M'lingaliro lochepetsetsa, wina amalankhula za nkhalango ku Asia kokha, kumene kuli monsoon. Wina amalankhulanso za nkhalango mophiphiritsira. Mwachitsanzo, mumati: “Ichi ndi nkhalango” pamene mapepala aphwanyidwa kwambiri moti simungathe kuwaonanso.
Mitundu yotsala ya nkhalango imagawidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Palinso nkhalango zoyambirira ku Ulaya. Komabe, iwo amapanga gawo laling'ono kwambiri la nkhalango yonse.
Ndi nkhalango zotani zomwe zili ku Europe?
Mbali yaikulu kwambiri ya nkhalango zakalekale zimene zikadalipobe ku Ulaya zili kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Ndi nkhalango za coniferous ndipo mukhoza kupeza zazikulu kwambiri makamaka kumpoto kwa Russia, komanso ku Scandinavia.
Nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri ku Central Europe ili ku Carpathians. Awa ndi mapiri aatali kum'maŵa kwa Ulaya, makamaka ku Romania. Komabe, lerolino, asayansi ambiri amaganiza kuti anthu aloŵererapo monyanyira kale ndipo si nkhalango yeniyeni. M'dera lapafupi, mukadali nkhalango zazikulu za beech.
Ku Poland, kuli nkhalango yosakanikirana ndi ya coniferous, yomwe imayandikira kwambiri nkhalango zakale. Pali mitengo ikuluikulu ya thundu, phulusa, mitengo ya laimu, ndi ma elms. Komabe, pakali pano nkhalangoyi ikudulidwa mbali ina. Akatswiri a zachilengedwe atengera nkhaniyi kukhoti.
Ku Lower Austria, kudakali chipululu chachikulu cha Dürrenstein. Ndilo dera lalikulu kwambiri lachipululu ku Central Europe. Zowonadi, mbali yake yamkati idakhalabe yosakhudzidwa konse ndi anthu kuyambira nthawi ya Ice Age yomaliza.
Pamwamba pa mapiri a Alps mudakali nkhalango zomwe sizinakhudzidwepo zomwe zimayandikira kwambiri nkhalango zakale. Ku Switzerland, kuli nkhalango zina zing'onozing'ono zitatu koma zenizeni zakale: imodzi iliyonse m'mapiri a Schwyz, Valais, ndi Graubünden.
Ku Germany, kulibenso nkhalango zakalekale. Pali madera ochepa okha omwe amayandikira nkhalango. Awa ndi Bavarian Forest National Park, Harz National Park, ndi dera la nkhalango ya Thuringian. M’malo oteteza zachilengedwe otchedwa Hainich National Park, muli nkhalango zakalekale zofiira za beech zomwe zasiyidwa kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi 60.