Njovu

Njovu ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri zapamtunda. Ma pachyderms achita chidwi ndi anthu kwa zaka masauzande ambiri ndi luntha lawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo chokhudzidwa.

makhalidwe

Kodi njovu zimawoneka bwanji?

Njovu zili m'gulu la Proboscidea ndipo zimapanga banja la njovu. Zomwe amafanana ndizofanana ndi mawonekedwe ake: Thupi lamphamvu, makutu akulu, ndi thunthu lalitali komanso miyendo inayi yozungulira, yomwe tsinde lake limapangidwa ndi zowuma. Zimagwira ntchito ngati zoziziritsa kukhosi ndipo motero zimathandiza kunyamula kulemera kwakukulu kwa nyama.

Njovu za ku Asia zimatha kukula mpaka mamita atatu muutali, kulemera mpaka matani asanu, ndi kuyeza pakati pa mamita asanu ndi asanu ndi limodzi ndi theka kuchokera kumutu kufika kumchira. Mchirawo umakula mpaka mita imodzi ndi theka. Zimathera mu ngayaye yatsitsi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zala zisanu kumapazi akutsogolo ndi zala zinayi kumapazi akumbuyo.

Njovu za ku Africa zimatha kutalika mpaka 3.20 metres, kulemera mpaka matani asanu, ndipo kutalika kwa mita sikisi mpaka 2.40. Mchirawo umatalika pafupifupi mita. Ali ndi zala zinayi kumapazi akutsogolo ndi zitatu zokha kumapazi awo akumbuyo. Njovu za m'nkhalango ndi zazing'ono kwambiri: zimangofika mamita XNUMX kutalika. Pa zamoyo zonse, zazikazi ndi zazing'ono kuposa zazimuna.

Ma incisors a nsagwada zam'mwamba asinthidwa kukhala minyanga yeniyeni. Ng'ombe za njovu za ku Africa zimatha kutalika mamita atatu ndikulemera ma kilogalamu 200. Minyanga ya njovu zazikazi za ku Africa ndi zazing’ono kwambiri. Pankhani ya njovu ya ku Asia, amuna okhawo amakhala ndi minyanga.

Chinthu chinanso chosiyanitsa ndi makutu: Njovu za ku Africa zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kusiyana ndi achibale awo a ku Asia ndipo zimatha kukula mpaka mamita awiri.

Mitengoyinso si yofanana: Njovu za ku Asia zili ndi minyewa yofanana ndi chala imodzi yokha yomwe imatha kugwira, njovu za ku Africa zimakhala ndi ziwiri. Izi zikuyang'anizana kumapeto kwa thunthu.

Khungu la njovu limakula mpaka masentimita atatu, koma limakhala lovuta kwambiri. Mwa ana a njovu, amakhala ndi ubweya wambiri. Pamene nyama zimakula, tsitsi lawo limataya kwambiri. Nyama zazikulu zimakhala ndi tsitsi m'maso ndi kumapeto kwa michira.

Kodi njovu zimakhala kuti?

Masiku ano, njovu za ku Africa zimapezeka makamaka kum'mwera kwa Africa, njovu za m'nkhalango ku Congo Basin. Njovu zakuthengo za ku Asia zimakhalabe zochepa ku India, Thailand, Burma, ndi madera ena a Indonesia.

Njovu za ku Africa zimasamukira kumapiri ndi mapiri a Africa, pamene njovu za m'nkhalango - monga dzina lawo limanenera - makamaka zimakhala m'nkhalango za West Africa. Njovu za ku Asia ndizosowa kwambiri kuthengo: Zimapezekanso makamaka m'madera a nkhalango.

Kodi pali njovu zamtundu wanji?

Mitundu itatu ya njovu imadziwika masiku ano: njovu yaku Asia ( Elephas maximus ), njovu ya ku Africa ( Loxodonta africana ), ndi njovu ya m’nkhalango ( Loxodonta cyclotis ), yomwe kwa nthawi yaitali inkadziwika kuti ndi njovu za ku Africa.

Ofufuza ena amagawanso njovu za ku Asia m'magulu angapo.

Kodi njovu zimakhala ndi zaka zingati?

Njovu zimakhala zaka zambiri: zimatha kukhala zaka 60. Nyama iliyonse imakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 70.

Khalani

Kodi njovu zimakhala bwanji?

Njovu zili m’gulu la nyama zoyamwitsa zanzeru kwambiri. Ndi zoweta zoyera zomwe zimakhala pamodzi kwa mibadwomibadwo.

Zinyama 20 mpaka 30 zimakhala m'gulu, lomwe nthawi zambiri limatsogoleredwa ndi yaikazi yokalamba, matriarch. Amatengera ng’ombezo kumalo abwino odyetserako chakudya ndi madzi okwanira.

Njovu zimadziwika chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo: gulu limateteza ana pamodzi, "azakhali a njovu" amayang'aniranso ana aakazi ena modzipereka kwambiri. Ziweto zovulala kapena zokalamba zimapezanso chitetezo ndi chisamaliro cha ng'ombe. Njovu zikuoneka kuti zimalira ngakhale imfa ya mtundu wawo. Chifukwa cha kukumbukira kwawo bwino kwambiri, sikuti amangodziwa amene ali m’gulu la ng’ombe, koma amakumbukirabe anthu oyambitsa mavuto kapena anthu amene anawachitira zinazake patapita zaka zambiri.

Njovu zazimuna zazikulu sizikhala ndi ng'ombe ndipo zimalumikizana ndi zazikazi kuti zikwere. Amuna ang'onoang'ono amayenera kuchoka m'gulu la ng'ombe akafika zaka 15 ndipo poyamba amakhala pamodzi "magulu a bachelor". Ng'ombe zakale nthawi zambiri zimakhala mabwenzi osasunthika ndipo zimayendayenda zokha.

Ng'ombe za njovu nthawi zambiri zimabwera mu zomwe zimatchedwa "must": Izi zimabweretsa kusintha kwa mahomoni m'makhalidwe ndipo nyama zimatha kukhala zaukali panthawiyi. Komabe, Ayenera alibe chochita ndi kufunitsitsa kwa nyama kukwatira, ntchito yake sinafotokozedwe.

Zomwe zimapangidwira njovu zonse mu thunthu, zomwe zinasintha kuchokera kumlomo wapamwamba ndi mphuno: zimakhala ndi minofu yambirimbiri yomwe imakonzedwa mozungulira mphuno ziwiri.

Thunthu ndi chida chosunthika: zowona, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popuma. Nyamazo zimainyamula m’mwamba kuti inunkhe. Komabe, njovu zimagwiranso bwino ntchito yogwira thunthu lawo ndikuzula masamba ndi nthambi zamitengo kuyambira utali wa mamita asanu ndi awiri. Ndipo chifukwa cha ndevu zimene zili m’nsonga ya thunthu lawo, njovu zimatha kumva ndi kugwira bwino lomwe ndi mitamba yawo.

Kuti amwe, amayamwa malita angapo a madzi otalika pafupifupi 40 centimita, kutseka mapeto ndi zala zawo za probosci ndi kuthira madziwo m’kamwa.

Chifukwa chakuti njovu zili ndi thupi laling’ono poyerekezera ndi kulemera kwa thupi lawo, zimangotulutsa kutentha pang’ono. Pachifukwa ichi, ali ndi makutu akuluakulu, omwe amaperekedwa bwino ndi magazi komanso omwe amatha kuyendetsa kutentha kwa thupi lawo.

Akamasuntha makutu awo - mwachitsanzo kuwapinitsa - amapereka kutentha kwa thupi. Njovu zimakondanso kusamba komanso kudzipaka madzi: kusamba kozizira kumawathandizanso kuchepetsa kutentha kwa thupi lawo pakatentha.

Nthawi zina magulu a njovu zakuthengo amayenda mitunda italiitali kuti akapeze chakudya chokwanira. Nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka poyenda: Amadutsa m'masavanna ndi nkhalango pafupifupi makilomita asanu pa ola. Komabe, zikawopsezedwa, zimatha kuyenda pa liwiro la makilomita 40 pa ola limodzi.

Anzanu ndi adani a njovu

Njovu zazikulu zili ndi adani ochepa pagulu la nyama. Komabe, ngati akumva kuti ali pangozi kapena ngati ana awo ali pangozi, amaukira adani awo: amatsegula makutu awo ndi kukweza mitengo yawo. Kenako amakunkhuniza mitengo yawo, kuthamangira kwa adani awo ndi mitu yawo, ndipo amangowagonjetsa ndi matupi awo akuluakulu.

Njovu za ng'ombe nazonso nthawi zina zimamenyana, zikuthamangitsana ndi kukankhirana kutali. Ndewuzi zimakhala zaukali kwambiri moti ngakhale minyanga imasweka.

Kodi njovu zimaberekana bwanji?

Njovu zimatha kuberekana chaka chonse. Nthawi yoyembekezera ndi yayitali kwambiri: njovu yaikazi imangobereka ana ake zaka ziwiri zitakwera.

Imalemera ma kilogalamu 100 pobadwa ndipo ndi utali wa mita imodzi. Atangobadwa kumene, ana a njovu akuthamanga n’kuimirira mothandizidwa ndi chitamba cha amayi awo. Amatha kuyenda maola awiri kapena atatu pambuyo pake. Poyamba, mwana wa ng’ombe amangotenga mkaka wa mayi ake: Kuti achite izi, amayamwa mawere a mayi pakati pa miyendo yakutsogolo ndi kukamwa. Pang’ono ndi pang’ono, anawo amayambanso kuthyola udzu ndi thunthu lawo.

Kuyambira ali ndi zaka ziwiri, mwana wa njovu amadya chakudya cham’mera chokha. Minyanga imayamba kukula pakati pa zaka zoyamba ndi zitatu za moyo. Njovu zimakula bwino pakati pa zaka 12 ndi 20 zokha ndipo zikatero zimakhwima pogonana. Njovu yaikazi imatha kubereka ana okwana khumi pa moyo wake.

Kodi njovu zimalankhulana bwanji?

Njovu zimalankhulana makamaka ndi mawu. Akakumana ndi zoopsa komanso kupsinjika maganizo, amalira lipenga mokweza. Komabe, nthawi zambiri amalankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito mawu otsika kwambiri otchedwa infrasound. Iye samamva m’makutu mwathu. Njovu zimatha “kulankhulana” pa mtunda wa makilomita. Kulumikizana ndi mphuno, kununkhiza, ndi kugwirana kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito polankhulana.