Mary Allen
Mphungu ndi mbalame zazikulu zodya nyama. Pali mitundu ingapo, monga ziwombankhanga zagolide, ziwombankhanga zoyera, ndi ziwombankhanga. Amadya nyama zazing'ono ndi zazikulu. Amagwira nyama ndi zikhadabo zamphamvu pothawa, pansi, kapena m’madzi.
Nthawi zambiri ziwombankhanga zimamanga zisa zawo, zomwe zimatchedwa eyries, pamiyala kapena mitengo yayitali. Yaikazi imaikira dzira limodzi kapena anayi pamenepo. Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe ndi masiku 30 mpaka 45 kutengera mtundu. Anapiye poyamba amakhala oyera, nthenga zawo zakuda zimamera pambuyo pake. Pambuyo pa milungu 10 mpaka 11, ana amatha kuuluka.
Chiwombankhanga chodziwika bwino kwambiri ku Central Europe ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide. Nthenga zake ndi zofiirira ndipo mapiko ake otambasulidwa ndi pafupifupi mamita awiri m’lifupi. Amakhala makamaka kumapiri a Alps ndi kuzungulira Mediterranean, komanso ku North America ndi Asia. Chiwombankhanga ndi champhamvu kwambiri ndipo chimatha kusaka nyama zolemera kuposa iyo. Nthawi zambiri amagwira akalulu ndi mbira, komanso agwape ndi agwape, nthawi zina zokwawa ndi mbalame.
Kumpoto ndi kum'maŵa kwa Germany, kumbali ina, mungapeze chiwombankhanga choyera: mapiko ake ndi aakulu pang'ono kuposa a chiwombankhanga chagolide, chomwe chimafika mamita 2.50. Mutu ndi khosi ndi zopepuka kuposa thupi lonse. Mphungu yamchira yoyera imadya makamaka nsomba ndi mbalame za m’madzi.
Chogwirizana kwambiri nacho ndi chiwombankhanga chomwe chimapezeka ku North America kokha. Nthenga zake zimakhala zakuda, pamene mutu wake ndi woyera. Iye ndi nyama ya heraldic, chizindikiro chodziwika, cha United States.
Kodi mphungu zili pangozi?
Anthu akhala akusaka chiwombankhanga chagolide kapena kuyeretsa zisa zake kwa zaka zambiri. Iwo ankamuona ngati wopikisana naye chifukwa ankadya nyama za anthu monga akalulu komanso ana a nkhosa. Chiwombankhanga chagolide chinatha ku Germany konse, kupatulapo ku Bavarian Alps. Inapulumuka makamaka m’mapiri kumene anthu sankatha kufika zisa zake.
Mayiko osiyanasiyana ateteza chiwombankhanga kuyambira zaka za m'ma 20. Kuyambira pamenepo, ziwombankhanga zachulukanso m’mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Germany, Austria, ndi Switzerland.
Chiwombankhanga chotchedwa white-tailed chiwombankhanga chinasakidwanso kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo chatsala pang’ono kutha kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Ku Germany, anapulumuka kokha m’maboma a Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania ndi Brandenburg. Ngozi ina inadza pambuyo pake: poizoni wa tizilombo DDT anaunjikana m’nsombayo ndipo motero anaikapo poizoni chiwombankhanga chamchira woyera kotero kuti mazira ake anali osabereka kapena ngakhale kuthyoka.
Mayiko ena athandiza m’njira zosiyanasiyana kuti ayambitsenso ziwombankhanga za mchira woyera. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a DDT analetsedwa. M'nyengo yozizira, chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mchira woyera chimadyetsedwanso. Nthaŵi zina, zisa za ziombankhanga zinkasungidwa ngakhale ndi antchito odzifunira kotero kuti ziwombankhanga zisasokonezedwe kapena kuti mbalame zazing'ono zibedwe ndi ogulitsa ziweto. Kuyambira 2005, sichikuonedwanso kuti chili pangozi ku Germany. Ku Austria, chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi mchira woyera chikuwopsezedwa ndi kutha. Makamaka m’nyengo yozizira, amadyanso nyama zakufa. Izi zimatha kukhala ndi mtovu wambiri, womwe umawononga chiwombankhanga chamchira woyera. Sitima zapamtunda kapena zingwe zamagetsi ndizowopsa. Anthu ena amagonabe nyambo zakupha.
Chiwombankhanga chamchira woyera sichinali panyumba ku Switzerland. Nthawi zambiri, amadutsa ngati mlendo akudutsa. Nkhwazi ndi ziwombankhanga zazing'ono zimaswananso ku Germany. Pali mitundu ina yambiri ya ziwombankhanga padziko lonse lapansi.
Chifukwa chiyani ziwombankhanga nthawi zambiri zimavala malaya?
Malaya ndi chithunzi chomwe chimaimira dziko, mzinda, kapena banja. Kuyambira kalekale anthu akhala akuchita chidwi ndi mbalame zazikulu zimene zikuuluka m’mlengalenga. Ofufuza amakayikira ngakhale kuti dzina la chiwombankhanga limachokera ku mawu oti "wolemekezeka". Agiriki akale ankaona kuti chiwombankhanga ndi chizindikiro cha Zeu, bambo wa milungu, pamene Aroma ankakhulupirira kuti chiwombankhangacho ndi Jupiter.
M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, chiwombankhanga chinali chizindikiro cha mphamvu zachifumu ndi ulemu. N’chifukwa chake mafumu ndi mafumu okha ndi amene ankaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito chiwombankhanga ngati chilombo chawo. Kotero iye analowa mu malaya a manja a mayiko ambiri, mwachitsanzo, Germany, Austria, Poland, ndi Russia. Ngakhale USA ili ndi chiwombankhanga, ngakhale sanakhalepo ndi mfumu. Chiwombankhanga cha ku America ndi chiwombankhanga cha dazi, ndipo cha German ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide.