Mary Allen
Kuteteza kwanyengo kumatanthauza kuti anthu amayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti nyengo isasinthe kwambiri. Dziko lakhala likutentha kuyambira pamene mafakitale anayamba kukula m’zaka za m’ma 19. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mpweya wowonjezera kutentha monga carbon dioxide. Ngati pali zambiri mumlengalenga, ndiye kuti zimatentha: kutentha kwa dzuwa komwe kumagunda dziko lapansi sikungathenso kuchoka padziko lapansi mosavuta.
Cholinga cha chitetezo cha nyengo ndicho kusunga kutentha kwa dziko lapansi pansi pa madigiri awiri Celsius. Asayansi akuganiza kuti kutentha kowonjezereka kungakhale ndi zotsatira zoipa kwambiri pa dziko lathu lapansi ndi anthu okhalamo. Cholinga ichi chinakhazikitsidwa ndi pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi ku Paris mu 2015.
Komabe, nyengo yatenthedwa kale ndi digiri imodzi. Kuwothanso kukuchulukirachulukira. Choncho, pafupifupi asayansi onse ali ndi lingaliro lakuti munthu ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kuti akwaniritsebe cholingacho.
Kodi mungateteze bwanji nyengo?
Zambiri zomwe timachita tsiku ndi tsiku zimatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mumlengalenga. Madera ambiri a moyo wathu amadya mphamvu zambiri: kunyumba poyendayenda, m'mafakitale, ndi zina zotero. Pofuna kuteteza nyengo, tiyenera kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zochepa. Kumbali ina, tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mphamvuyi ndi yoyera momwe tingathere.
Pakalipano, mphamvu zambiri zimapezedwabe kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimatchedwa mafuta. Awa ndi magwero a mphamvu omwe akhala akusungidwa mobisa kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide wasungidwa mmenemo kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo. Akawotchedwa, mpweya woipawu umatuluka m’mlengalenga. Mafuta amafuta amaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, mafuta osapsa, gasi, ndi malasha olimba.
M'malo mwa mafuta oyambira pansiwa, mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake magetsi ayenera kupangidwa ndi makina opangira mphepo, ma cell a solar, kapena mphamvu yamadzi. Ofufuza akuyesetsa kukonza njirazi ndikupanga njira zatsopano zopangira mphamvu zowonjezera. M'tsogolomu, magalimoto, ndege, ndi zoyendera zina zithanso kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochokera ku mphamvu zongowonjezeranso.
Mafuta ena amathanso kukula: amapangidwa kuchokera ku zomera, mwachitsanzo. Zomwe zimatchedwa biogas zimatha kupangidwanso motere, mwachitsanzo, kutentha nyumba. Palinso injini zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni. Hydrogen ndi mafuta, ntchito yomwe imangotulutsa madzi omwe alibe vuto ndi nyengo.
Koma ngakhale magwero amphamvu amenewa ali ndi zofooka zake. Hyrojeni iyenera kupangidwa kaye. Izi nazonso zimafuna mphamvu zambiri. Makina opangira mphepo amatha kukhala oopsa kwa mbalame zambiri komanso kusokoneza kukongola kwa malo kwa anthu ambiri. Kupanga ma cell a dzuwa kumawononga mphamvu zambiri. Madamu amasintha njira zachilengedwe za mitsinje ndikuwononga malo okhala nyama zambiri. Ambiri mwa magwero amphamvu amenewa saperekanso mphamvu zofanana nthaŵi zonse. Maselo a dzuwa sagwira ntchito usiku, mwachitsanzo. Choncho ndikofunikira kusunga magetsi mwanjira ina, koma izi zakhala zodula kwambiri.
Palinso vuto ndi magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi mafuta: ngati mulima china chake m'munda kuti mupange mphamvu kuchokera pamenepo, simungathe kulima mbewu zodyedwa pamenepo nthawi yomweyo. Kapena zomera edible anasandulika biogas. Ngakhale pamenepo pali chakudya chochepa.
Zinthu zambiri zomwe zili zabwino kwa nyengo sizikhala zabwino kwa chilengedwe chonse. Kuteteza kwanyengo kumaphatikizanso kupitiliza kufufuza za magetsi awa ndi zina. Cholinga chake ndi chakuti amapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso amakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa zochepa pamadera ena.
Chitetezo champhamvu
Kuteteza kwanyengo kumatanthauza kuti anthu amayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti nyengo isasinthe kwambiri. Dziko lakhala likutentha kuyambira pamene mafakitale anayamba kukula m’zaka za m’ma 19. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mpweya wowonjezera kutentha monga carbon dioxide. Ngati pali zambiri mumlengalenga, ndiye kuti zimatentha: kutentha kwa dzuwa komwe kumagunda dziko lapansi sikungathenso kuchoka padziko lapansi mosavuta.
Cholinga cha chitetezo cha nyengo ndicho kusunga kutentha kwa dziko lapansi pansi pa madigiri awiri Celsius. Asayansi akuganiza kuti kutentha kowonjezereka kungakhale ndi zotsatira zoipa kwambiri pa dziko lathu lapansi ndi anthu okhalamo. Cholinga ichi chinakhazikitsidwa ndi pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi ku Paris mu 2015.
Komabe, nyengo yatenthedwa kale ndi digirii imodzi. Kuwothanso kukuchulukirachulukira. Choncho, pafupifupi asayansi onse ali ndi lingaliro lakuti munthu ayenera kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kuti akwaniritsebe cholingacho.
Kodi mungateteze bwanji nyengo?
Zambiri zomwe timachita tsiku ndi tsiku zimatulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha mumlengalenga. Madera ambiri a moyo wathu amadya mphamvu zambiri: kunyumba poyendayenda, m'mafakitale, ndi zina zotero. Pofuna kuteteza nyengo, tiyenera kuyesa mbali imodzi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa. Kumbali ina, tiyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mphamvuyi ndi yoyera momwe tingathere.
Pakalipano, mphamvu zambiri zimapezedwabe kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimatchedwa mafuta. Awa ndi magwero a mphamvu omwe akhala akusungidwa mobisa kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide wasungidwa mmenemo kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo. Akawotchedwa, mpweya woipawu umatuluka m’mlengalenga. Mafuta amafuta amaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, mafuta osapsa, gasi, ndi malasha olimba.
M'malo mwa mafuta oyambira pansiwa, mphamvu zongowonjezedwanso ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake magetsi ayenera kupangidwa ndi makina opangira mphepo, ma cell a solar, kapena mphamvu yamadzi. Ofufuza akuyesetsa kukonza njirazi ndikupanga njira zatsopano zopangira mphamvu zowonjezera. M'tsogolomu, magalimoto, ndege, ndi zoyendera zina zithanso kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochokera ku mphamvu zongowonjezeranso.
Mafuta ena amathanso kukula: amapangidwa kuchokera ku zomera, mwachitsanzo. Zomwe zimatchedwa biogas zimatha kupangidwanso motere, mwachitsanzo, kutentha nyumba. Palinso injini zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni. Hydrogen ndi mafuta, ntchito yomwe imangotulutsa madzi omwe alibe vuto ndi nyengo.
Koma ngakhale magwero amphamvu amenewa ali ndi zofooka zake. Hyrojeni iyenera kupangidwa kaye. Izi nazonso zimafuna mphamvu zambiri. Makina opangira mphepo amatha kukhala oopsa kwa mbalame zambiri komanso kusokoneza kukongola kwa malo kwa anthu ambiri. Kupanga ma cell a dzuwa kumawononga mphamvu zambiri. Madamu amasintha njira zachilengedwe za mitsinje ndikuwononga malo okhala nyama zambiri. Ambiri mwa magwero amphamvu amenewa saperekanso mphamvu zofanana nthaŵi zonse. Maselo a dzuwa sagwira ntchito usiku, mwachitsanzo. Choncho ndikofunikira kusunga magetsi mwanjira ina, koma izi zakhala zodula kwambiri.
Palinso vuto ndi magwero a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa ndi mafuta: ngati mulima china chake m'munda kuti mupange mphamvu kuchokera pamenepo, simungathe kulima mbewu zodyedwa pamenepo nthawi yomweyo. Kapena zomera edible anasandulika biogas. Ngakhale pamenepo pali chakudya chochepa.
Zinthu zambiri zomwe zili zabwino kwa nyengo sizikhala zabwino kwa chilengedwe chonse. Kuteteza kwanyengo kumaphatikizanso kupitiliza kufufuza za magetsi awa ndi zina. Cholinga chake ndi chakuti amapereka mphamvu zambiri komanso amakhala ndi zotsatira zoipa zochepa pamadera ena.
Zomera zakhala zikuchotsa mpweya woipa m'mlengalenga. Izi zimachitika panthawi ya photosynthesis. Choncho nkhalango ndi zofunika kwambiri kuteteza nyengo ndipo ziyenera kusungidwa. Komabe, anthufe panopa tikutulutsa mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide m’mlengalenga kuposa umene zomera zingatenge. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, nkhalango zambiri zikudulidwa. Kubzala nkhalango zatsopano kungathe kusunga carbon dioxide yambiri mumpangidwe wamatabwa. Tikukamba za kubzalanso nkhalango. Ofufuza ena apanga mapulani omangira mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide ndi mamiliyoni a mitengo yatsopano.
Algae imathandizanso kwambiri kuteteza nyengo. Chifukwa ndi ochuluka, amamanga matani ambiri a carbon dioxide pachaka. ndere zikafa, zimamira pansi pa nyanja ndi carbon dioxide. Motero amachotsa zinthu zambiri mumlengalenga. Mwanjira imeneyi, amathanso kumanga mpweya wochuluka. Komabe, sizikudziwikabe zotsatira zake zomwe zikadakhala nazo.
Kafukufuku akuchitidwanso muzosankha zaukadaulo zochotsa mpweya woipa m'mlengalenga. Mitengo yotchedwa mitengo yochita kupanga imatha kusefa mpweya woipa kuchokera mumlengalenga. Kenako mpweya woipawu ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza wa zomera mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena kupanga mafuta opangira. Komabe, luso limeneli silinakwanirebe kuchotsa mpweya wambiri wowonjezera kutentha mumlengalenga.
Njira zikupangidwiranso zopangira magetsi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta oyambira pansi monga malasha kuti atulutse mpweya wocheperako mumlengalenga. M’malo motulutsa mpweya woipa m’mlengalenga, umalowetsedwa m’matanthwe pansi pa nthaka. Choncho sizimathandizanso kutentha.
Nthawi zambiri anthu amanena kuti chinachake "chosalowerera ndale". Kumbali imodzi, izi zitha kutanthauza kuti chinthucho chinapangidwa ndi mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso motero palibe mpweya woipa womwe udalowa mumlengalenga. Koma zingatanthauzenso kuti mpweya woipa walowadi m’mlengalenga. Koma wopanga wathandizira mapulojekiti omwe amapulumutsanso mpweya wofanana wa carbon dioxide. Choncho kulibe mpweya wowonjezera kutentha m’mlengalenga kuposa mmene unalili poyamba. Izi zimatchedwanso "malipiro". Mwachitsanzo, kuuluka kwautali kumatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide m’mlengalenga. Choncho, apaulendo ena amalipira ndalama zambiri ku bungwe. Izi zimawononga ndalamazo pamapulojekiti omwe amasunga mpweya wofanana wa carbon dioxide umene unapangidwa panthawi ya ndege. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ndegeyo ikhale "yosalowerera ndale".
Kodi nyengo yatetezedwa mokwanira?
Mu 1990, mumzinda wa Kyoto ku Japan, pafupifupi mayiko onse padziko lapansi anaika zolinga zochepetsera mpweya wotenthetsa dziko kwa nthawi yoyamba. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mayiko ena achepetsa kale mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Padziko lonse lapansi, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha ukupitirira kukwera.
Komabe, anthu ochulukirachulukira tsopano akukhulupirira kuti kusintha kwanyengo ndi kowopsa kwambiri ndipo kumatha kumveka kale. Iwo akufuna kuti maboma awo atetezere nyengo bwino. Kuyambira kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2018, achinyamata ochokera ku Fridays for Future ndi mabungwe ena ambiri oteteza zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi akhala akulimbikitsa izi. Anthu ochuka ochulukirachulukira akugwiritsanso ntchito kutchuka kwawo kuti akope chidwi ndi kusintha kwanyengo.
M’mayiko ambiri, maboma asankha kapena asankha zochita poteteza nyengo. Mayikowa akufuna kuti pang'onopang'ono atulutse mpweya wowonjezera kutentha m'mlengalenga. Mayiko ambiri ali ndi malingaliro oti asakhale osalowerera mu carbon kapena pafupifupi 2050. Kuti akwaniritse izi, akuyenera kukhazikitsa njira zambiri m'zaka zikubwerazi kuti cholingachi chikwaniritsidwe.
Izi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa mtengo wa carbon dioxide. M’tsogolomu, mayiko ambiri adzafunika kulipira ndalama tani imodzi ya carbon dioxide imene amatulutsa. Tikukhulupirira kuti mphothoyo ilimbikitsa anthu ndi makampani kuti achepetse kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon.
Kuteteza kwanyengo kumatanthauzanso kuti anthu akuyenera kuzolowerana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja iyenera kuganizira za kukwera kwa madzi a m'nyanja. Choncho muyenera kuyamba kuganizira za momwe mungadzitetezere ku kusefukira kwa madzi lero. Olima nkhalango ayenera kusamalira nkhalango zawo m’njira yoti azitha kukhalamo m’nyengo yotentha ndi yotentha kwambiri.
Koma kwa nthawi yaitali pakhala pali ndondomeko zazikulu zothana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Anthu akanakhudza kwambiri nyengo ya Dziko Lapansi. Lingaliro limodzi lingakhale kutulutsa masetilaiti ena mumlengalenga. Mofanana ndi mtundu wina wa parasol, zimenezi zikanachititsa kuti kuwala kwadzuwa kuchepe kumafika padziko lapansi ndi kuliziziritsa. Lingaliro lina lingakhale kuika mankhwala m’mlengalenga amene angaziziritse.
Komabe, malingaliro onsewa ndi otsutsana kwambiri chifukwa angaphatikizepo zoopsa ndi zovuta zina. Angathenso kudzutsa chiyembekezo chabodza. Choncho, asayansi ambiri amaganiza kuti choyamba tiyenera kuchita zonse zimene tingathe kuti tiletse kusintha kwa nyengo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosaopsa kwambiri.