Mary Allen
Mbalame ndi zamoyo zamsana, monganso nyama zoyamwitsa, nsomba, zokwawa, ndi amphibians. Mbalame zili ndi miyendo iwiri ndi mikono iwiri, yomwe ndi mapiko. M’malo mwa ubweya, mbalame zili ndi nthenga. Nthengazo zimapangidwa ndi keratin. Nyama zina zimagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zimenezi kupanga nyanga, zikhadabo, kapena tsitsi. Kwa anthu, ndi tsitsi lawo ndi zikhadabo.
Mbalame zambiri zimatha kuuluka chifukwa cha mapiko ndi nthenga zawo. Komano ena amatha kuthamanga mofulumira ngati nthiwatiwa za ku Africa. Ndi mbalame yaikulu kwambiri kuposa zonse. Penguin ndi mbalame zomwe sizingawuluke, koma zimatha kusambira bwino kwambiri.
Mbalame imakhalanso ndi mlomo wopanda mano. Komabe, mbalame zina zili ndi nsonga m’milomo yawo, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kugwira chinthu chofanana ndi mano. Mbalame zatsopano sizimabadwa, koma zimaswa mazira. Mbalame zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimayikira mazira oterowo mu chisa chomangidwa kwa iwo, kapena pansi, mwachitsanzo. Mbalame zambiri zimaikira mazira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti amakhala pamazira kuti atenthe ndi kuwateteza mpaka ana ang'onoang'ono ataswa.
Apo ayi, mbalame zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. Ena amakhala m’chipululu chouma, ena ku Arctic kapena ku Antarctic. Ena amadya nyama, ena tirigu. Mbalame ya njuchi ndi mbalame yaying'ono kwambiri, ndi hummingbird. Mbalame yaikulu kwambiri yomwe imatha kuuluka ndi kori bustard yochokera ku Africa.
Mbalamezo zinachokera ku madinosaur. Komabe, sayansi sinagwirizanebe za momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito. Zibale zapafupi kwambiri za mbalame ndi ng'ona.
Nazi mwachidule zolemba zonse za Klexikon zokhudza mbalame.
Kodi mbalame zimagaya bwanji?
Mbalame zili ndi mimba ndi matumbo. Choncho, kudya chakudya kumafanana kwambiri ndi nyama zoyamwitsa. Mitundu ina ya mbalame imadya miyala. Amatsalira m'mimba ndikuthandizira kuphwanya chakudya. Umu ndi momwe nkhuku imachitira, mwachitsanzo.
Pali kusiyana kwa mkodzo, womwe umatchedwanso mkodzo. Mbalame zili ndi impso ngati zoyamwitsa, koma zilibe chikhodzodzo. Alibenso potulutsira thupi lapadera pokodzera. Mkodzo wa impso umayenda kudzera mu ureters kulowa m'matumbo. Kumeneko kumasakanikirana ndi ndowe. N’chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zitosi za mbalamezi zimakhala zolusa.
Mphepete mwa mbalame zimatchedwa cloaca. Yaikazi nayonso imaikira mazira ake kudzera pabowo lomwelo. Umuna wa mwamuna umayendanso pabowo lomwelo.
Kodi mbalame zimaberekana bwanji?
Mbalame zambiri zimakhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni imene zimafuna kubereka. Izi zimatengera nyengo ndipo zimatha kuchitika kamodzi kapena kangapo. Komabe, mbalame zina sizidalira izi, mwachitsanzo, nkhuku zathu zoweta. Ikhoza kuikira mazira chaka chonse.
Yaikazi ikakonzeka kukwatiwa, imayimirira n’kukwezera mchira wake m’mwamba. Kenako yaimuna imakhala pamsana pa yaikaziyo ndi kusisita chovala chake pa yaikaziyo. Kenako umuna wake umalowa m’thupi la mkazi n’kumakumana ndi mazirawo.
Ubwamuna wa mwamuna ukhoza kukhala m'thupi la mkazi kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo mobwerezabwereza umakhala ndi mazira m'menemo. Mazira a mbalame amapeza chipolopolo cholimba. Mbalame zambiri zimaikira mazira angapo pachisa chimodzi. Nthawi zina mbalame imayirira mazira, nthawi zina abambo a mbalame, kapena onse awiri mosinthana.
Mwanapiye amamera dzino la dzira pamlomo wake. Ndiko kumtunda kwakuthwa. Ndi izi, mwanapiye amakankhira mabowo mu chigoba cha dzira motsatizana. Kenako ikatambasula mapiko ake, imakankhira pakati pa mbali ziwiri za chigobacho.
Pali mbalame zazing'ono zomwe zimachoka pachisa nthawi yomweyo. Iwo amatchedwa precocial. Amafunafuna chakudya chawochawo kuyambira pachiyambi. Izi zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, nkhuku zathu zoweta. Anapiye ena amakhala mchisa, izi ndi chimbudzi. Makolo ayenera kuwadyetsa mpaka atawuluka, mwachitsanzo, fledge.
Ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe mbalame zimafanana?
Mbalame zili ndi mtima wofanana ndi nyama zoyamwitsa. Ili ndi zipinda zinayi. Kumbali imodzi, kufalikira kwa magazi kawiri kumatsogolera m'mapapo kuti atenge mpweya watsopano ndikutulutsa mpweya woipa. Kumbali ina, kuzungulira kumadutsa m'thupi lonse. Magazi amanyamula mpweya ndi chakudya m'thupi lonse ndikutenga zonyansazo.
Mtima wa mbalame umagunda kwambiri kuposa wa anthu. Mtima wa nthiwatiwa umagunda katatu mofulumira, m'nyumba mpheta pafupifupi kuwirikiza kakhumi ndi kasanu, ndipo mu mbalame zina za hummingbirds ngakhale kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa kwathu.
Thupi la mbalame zambiri nthawi zonse limakhala ndi kutentha komweko, komwe ndi madigiri 42 Celsius. Ndiwo madigiri asanu kuposa athu. Ndi mitundu yochepa ya mbalame yomwe imazizira pang'ono usiku, mwachitsanzo tit wamkulu ndi pafupifupi madigiri khumi.
Mbalamezi zilibe kholingo lokhala ndi zingwe za mawu. Koma ali ndi zofanana, zomwe ndi mutu wokonzekera kuti upangire mawu awo.
Mbalame zambiri zimakhala ndi gland yapadera yotchedwa preen gland. Izi zimapangitsa kuti azitha kutulutsa mafuta. Amaphimba nthenga zawo kuti atetezedwe kumadzi. Preen gland ili kumapeto kwa kumbuyo komwe mchira umayambira.