Mary Allen
Axolotl ba wai kawai ya dubi kyakkyawa da sabon abu ba; Salamander na Mexican kuma yana da iyawa masu hassada: yana iya yin kwafin gaɓoɓi har ma da sassan kashin baya a cikin makwanni kaɗan.
Axolotl - salamander na Mexican wanda ke rayuwa mafi yawan rayuwarsa a cikin ruwa. Wani bakon halitta ne wanda ba za a iya rarraba shi a gani nan da nan ba. Wani wuri tsakanin newt, salamander, da tadpole. Wannan saboda ya kasance a cikin matakin tsutsa a tsawon rayuwarsa amma har yanzu yana girma ta jima'i. Ana kiran shi neoteny.
Axolotl yana girma har zuwa santimita 25 a girman kuma har zuwa shekaru 25. Amphibian ya wanzu kusan shekaru miliyan 350, amma a cikin ƙananan lambobi: yanzu akwai ƙarin samfuran da ke zaune a dakunan gwaje-gwaje fiye da na daji.
Yaya tsawon rayuwar axolotl yake?
Tsawon rayuwa a matsakaici - shekaru 10-15. Launi da halaye - da yawa sanannun nau'ikan launi, gami da launin ruwan kasa, baki, zabiya, launin toka, da kodan ruwan hoda; ƙwanƙwasa na waje da ƙwanƙolin ƙoƙon caudal sakamakon neoteny. Yawan daji - 700-1,200 kimanin.
Shekaru nawa axolotls suke samu a cikin akwatin kifaye?
Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwa yana kusa da shekaru 15. Har ma an san dabbobin sun kai shekaru 25 na Methuselah. Mafi ƙarancin shekarun yana kusan shekaru takwas zuwa goma.
Shin axolotls na iya rayuwa har tsawon shekaru 100?
Axolotls yawanci suna rayuwa shekaru 10-15 a zaman bauta, amma suna iya rayuwa sama da shekaru 20 idan ana kula da su sosai. Axolotl mafi tsufa ba a san su ba amma shekarun su na iya ba su mamaki yayin da suka zama dabbobin gida na yau da kullun kamar yadda wasu nau'ikan salamander ke da tsayi mai tsayi (fiye da hakan a ƙasa!)
Axolotl: dodo na ruwa tare da gills
Sunan "axolotl" ya fito ne daga Aztecs kuma yana nufin wani abu kamar "dodon ruwa". Dabbar, wacce ta kai tsayin santimita 25, tana yin ra'ayi na lumana. A gefen hagu da dama na wuyan akwai kayan haɗin gwal, waɗanda a cikin wasu nau'ikan suna haskaka launi kuma suna kama da ƙananan bishiyoyi.
Ƙafafun axolotl da kashin baya na iya sake girma
Wani abu kuma ya sa dabbar ta zama ta musamman: idan ta rasa kafa, sai kawai ta girma a cikin 'yan makonni. Hakanan yana iya sake farfado da sassan kashin baya da nama na ido da suka ji rauni gaba daya. Babu wanda ya san dalilin da yasa axolotl zai iya sake girma gaba ɗaya gaɓoɓin gabobi da kashi, tsoka da jijiyoyi. Amma masana kimiyya sun daɗe suna kan hanya kuma sun riga sun gano dukkan bayanan kwayoyin halittar axolotl.
Sau goma fiye da DNA fiye da mutane
Dukkan bayanan kwayoyin halitta na axolotl sun ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i biliyan 32 kuma saboda haka sun fi girma sau goma girman kwayar halittar ɗan adam. Don haka kwayoyin halittar amphibian kuma shine mafi girman kwayoyin halittar da aka tantance har yau. Kungiyar da mai binciken Elly Tanaka daga Vienna, Heidelberg da Dresden ya jagoranta sun gano kwayoyin halitta da yawa wadanda kawai ke faruwa a cikin axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) da sauran nau'ikan amphibian. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta suna aiki a cikin nama wanda ke sake farfadowa.
"Yanzu muna da taswirar kwayoyin halitta a hannun da za mu iya amfani da su don nazarin yadda sarƙaƙƙiya tsarin - ƙafafu, alal misali - za su iya girma."
Sergei Nowoshilov, marubucin marubucin binciken, wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar 'Nature' a cikin Janairu 2018.
Gabaɗayan axolotl genome da aka yanke
Saboda kaddarorin sa, axolotl ya kasance batun bincike na kusan shekaru 150. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma axolotl mazauna ana kulawa da shi a cikin Laboratory Pathology na Molecular a Vienna. Fiye da masu bincike 200 suna gudanar da bincike na asali na ilimin halittu a wannan cibiyar.
Kwayoyin Axolotl suna taka muhimmiyar rawa
Yin amfani da fasahar PacBio don gano tsayin daka na genome, axolotl genome an yanke shi gaba ɗaya. An lura cewa wani muhimmin mahimmanci da yaduwar ci gaba - "PAX3" - ya ɓace gaba daya a cikin axolotl. Ana ɗaukar aikinta ta hanyar wani abu mai alaƙa da ake kira "PAX7". Dukkan kwayoyin halitta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunkasa tsoka da jijiya. A cikin dogon lokaci, ya kamata a samar da irin wannan aikace-aikacen don mutane.
Da kyar wani axolotls ya rage a cikin daji
Ƙididdigar yawan axolotls nawa a cikin daji yana da wuyar gaske - wasu masu bincike sun sanya adadin a kusan 2,300, amma yana iya zama kadan. Ƙididdiga daga 2009 ya sanya kwafin a tsakanin 700 zuwa 1,200 kawai. Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda tsananin gurbatar muhallin dabbobi a Mexico, saboda suna son zama a cikin magudanar ruwa inda ake zubar da shara. Amma kuma a cikin nau'ikan kifi na baƙi waɗanda aka gabatar don inganta wadatar furotin ga jama'a. Yayin da carp ɗin da ke zaune yana son tsaftace ƙwai, cichlids suna kai hari ga matasa axolotls.
Bambancin jinsin Axolotl yana raguwa a cikin lab
Samfuran na ƙarshe suna zaune a tafkin Xochimilco da wasu ƙananan tafkuna a yammacin birnin Mexico. An yi la'akari da axolotl a cikin haɗari mai tsanani tun daga 2006. Mutane da yawa, da yawa fiye da samfurori yanzu suna zaune a cikin aquariums, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da wuraren kiwo fiye da a cikin daji. Wasu ma ana kiwon su don gidajen abinci a Japan. Ana ci gaba da amfani da wasu don bincike. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta yana raguwa a kan lokaci, saboda yawancin nau'in suna haɗuwa da kansu kawai. Ba a sani ba ko axolotls masu kiwo har yanzu suna da halaye iri ɗaya da danginsu a yanayi.
Tsayawa axolotl a cikin akwatin kifaye
A Mexico, mahaifarsa, axolotl ya shahara musamman a matsayin dabba, kusan ana girmama shi. Duk wanda yake so ya kawo ƴan ƴan amfibiya a cikin nasu katangar guda huɗu zai iya yin hakan cikin sauƙi saboda suna da ƙarfi da juriya. Bugu da ƙari, ba kamar sauran salamanders ba, kawai suna buƙatar akwatin kifaye kuma babu "bangaren ƙasa". Dukkansu sun fito ne daga zuriya, ɗaukar su daga daji haramun ne. Suna son zafin ruwa na 15 zuwa 21 digiri Celsius, wani lokacin ya fi sanyi. Sannan za su iya murmurewa da kyau daga cututtuka. Idan kana son kiyaye su tare da sauran axolotls, to mafi kyau tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun girman girman. Suna ciyar da abinci mai rai kamar ƙananan kifi, katantanwa, ko ƙananan kaguwa.