UMary Allen
Isingeniso: Ukuhlola Ukufana Kwezakhi Zofuzo
Uke waphawula ukuthi izingane zivame ukufana kanjani nabazali bazo noma amanye amalungu omndeni? Lokhu kufana akugcini nje ezicini zomzimba, kodwa kuhlanganisa nezici zobuntu, amakhono, kanye nezimo zezokwelapha. Isizathu salokhu kufana sisezakhini zofuzo, okuwucwaningo lokuthi izici zidluliselwa kanjani zisuka kwesinye isizukulwane ziye kwesinye.
Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola isayensi ebangela ukuthi kungani izingane zifane nabazali bazo. Sizoxoxa ngezimiso eziyisisekelo zofuzo, indima ye-DNA, izici ezivelele nezihlehlayo, ama-chromosome, izici zemvelo, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, ukuzalanisa, kanye nokwelulekwa ngezakhi zofuzo.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zofuzo
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zofuzo zatholwa okokuqala nguGregor Mendel ngekhulu le-19. Wenza ucwaningo ngezitshalo zikaphizi futhi wathola ukuthi izici ezithile, njengombala wezimbali nokuma kwembewu, zadluliselwa kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye ngamaphethini abikezelwayo. Lawa maphethini manje aziwa njengemithetho yefa le-Mendelian.
Imithetho yefa ithi umuntu ngamunye unamakhophi amabili esakhi sofuzo ngasinye, esisodwa asithola kunina nesisodwa kuyise. Lezi zakhi zofuzo zingase zibe namandla noma ziphindaphindeke, futhi ukusho kwazo kunquma izici umuntu azozibonisa. Ukwengeza, izakhi zofuzo ku-chromosome ngayinye zingaphinde zihlangane phakathi nenqubo ye-meiosis, okuholela ekuhlukeni kwezakhi zofuzo enzalweni.
Iqhaza Le-DNA Ekufananeni Kwezingane
I-DNA, noma i-deoxyribonucleic acid, iyingqamuzana ethwala ulwazi lofuzo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Yakhiwe ngezisekelo ezine ze-nucleotide: i-adenine (A), i-thymine (T), i-cytosine (C), ne-guanine (G). Ukulandelana kwalezi zisekelo kunquma ikhodi yofuzo edluliswa isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye.
Lapho ingqamuzana lihlukana, i-DNA yalo iyaphindaphindeka ukuze ingqamuzana ngalinye elisha libe nesethi ephelele yokwaziswa kofuzo. Ngesikhathi sokuzalana ngokocansi, i-DNA evela kumzali ngamunye iyahlangana ukuze yakhe ikhodi yofuzo eyingqayizivele enzalweni. Le nqubo ibangela ifa lakho kokubili izici ezivelele neziphindaphindayo, kanye nokuvela kokuguqulwa kofuzo.
Isayensi Engemuva Kwezici Ezivelele Neziphindaphindayo
Izici ezivelele yilezo ezivezwa lapho umuntu okungenani enekhophi eyodwa yofuzo oluvelele. Izici eziphindaphindayo zivezwa kuphela lapho umuntu enamakhophi amabili ofuzo oluphindaphindayo. Isibonelo, amehlo ansundu abusa phezu kwamehlo aluhlaza. Uma umuntu enekhophi eyodwa yofuzo lwamehlo ansundu kanye nekhophi eyodwa yofuzo lwamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, bayoba namehlo ansundu, njengoba isakhi samehlo ansundu sikhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma umuntu enamakhophi amabili ofuzo lwamehlo aluhlaza, azoba namehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, njengoba isakhi samehlo aluhlaza siyaphindaphindeka.
Izici ezibusayo nezihlehlayo zingase zibe nzima nakakhulu ukubusa okungaphelele, lapho kungekho isakhi sofuzo esinamandla futhi isici esiwumphumela siyinhlanganisela yakho kokubili, kanye ne-codominance, lapho zombili izakhi zofuzo zivezwa ngokulinganayo.
Ukubaluleka Kwe-Chromosome Emafeni
Ama-Chromosome ayimicu ye-DNA ende, ehlanganisiwe equkethe izakhi zofuzo eziningi. Abantu banamapheya angu-23 ama-chromosome, ane-chromosome eyodwa kumbhangqwana ngamunye ozuzwe njengefa kumzali ngamunye. Umbhangqwana wama-23 unquma ubulili bomuntu ngamunye, abesifazane banama-chromosome angu-X amabili nabesilisa babe ne-X eyodwa kanye ne-Y chromosome eyodwa.
Phakathi nenqubo ye-meiosis, ama-chromosome kumbhangqwana ngamunye angaphinde ahlangane, okuholela ekuhlanganiseni okusha kwezakhi zofuzo enzalweni. Le nqubo ingaholela ekuhlukeni kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nefa lezici ezihlukahlukene kumzali ngamunye.
Izici Zemvelo kanye Nethonya Lazo Ezimfanelweni
Nakuba izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izici zomuntu, izici zemvelo nazo zingaba nomthelela. Isibonelo, ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali athile noma emisebeni kungabangela izinguquko ku-DNA, okuholela ekuvezeni izici ezihlukahlukene. Ukwengeza, ukukhetha kokudla kanye nendlela yokuphila nakho kungathonya izici ezinjengobude, isisindo, kanye nokuba sengozini kwezifo ezithile.
Umthelela Wokuguqulwa Kwezici Ezizuzwe Ngefa
Uguquko luwushintsho ku-DNA olungenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ngenxa yezici zemvelo. Nakuba izinguquko eziningi zingenawo umthelela empilweni noma ekubukekeni komuntu, okunye kungaholela ekuvezweni kwezici ezihlukahlukene noma ekuthuthukisweni kokuphazamiseka kofuzo. Ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kungadluliselwa kwesinye isizukulwane kuya kwesinye, okuholela ezicini ezizuzwe njengefa.
Ukuqonda Ukuzalanisa Nemiphumela Yako
Ukuzalanisa ukuzalanisa abantu abasondelene kakhulu, njengezelamani noma umzala wokuqala. Lo mkhuba ungandisa amathuba okuba nofuzo, njengoba kwandisa amathuba okuba inzalo ithole amakhophi amabili esakhi sofuzo esiphindaphindekayo. Ukuzalanisa kunganciphisa nokwehlukahlukana kwezakhi zofuzo, okuholela engcupheni ephezulu yokuphazamiseka kofuzo nezinye izinkinga zempilo.
Iqhaza Lokwelulekwa Ngofuzo Ekuhleleni Umndeni
Ukwelulekwa ngokofuzo kuyinqubo ebandakanya ukuhlola ubungozi bomuntu bokuthola ifa noma ukudlulisa isifo sofuzo. Le nqubo ingasiza abantu ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokuhlela umndeni futhi inikeze ukusekelwa kulabo abathintekayo ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kofuzo. Abeluleki bezofuzo banganikeza ulwazi mayelana nokuhlolwa, izinketho zokwelapha, kanye namathuba okudlulisela ukuphazamiseka kofuzo.
Isiphetho: Umhlaba Othakazelisayo Wezakhi Zofuzo
Ukuhlola izakhi zofuzo kuyinkambu ethakazelisayo eye yasenza saqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani abantwana befana nabazali babo. Kusukela ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zofuzo kuya endimeni ye-DNA nezici zemvelo, izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni izici nempilo yomuntu. Ngokuqonda isayensi yezakhi zofuzo, singenza izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokuhlela umndeni futhi sithathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela ifa lezinkinga zofuzo.