Isingeniso: Imfihlakalo Yokubonakaliswa Komsindo

Umsindo uyisici esiyisisekelo sokuxhumana embusweni wezilwane. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi okokuzulazula, ukuzingela, noma ukusebenzelana komphakathi, izilwane zithembele emsindweni ukuze zixhumane zodwa. Nokho, akuyona yonke imisindo edalwe ilingana. Eminye imisindo ikhiqiza ama-echo, kanti eminye ayikwenzi. Impicabadala yokuthi kungani eminye imisindo ibuyela emthonjeni wayo kanti eminye ayibadida ososayensi amakhulu eminyaka.

Ukuqonda Isayensi Ye-Echoes

Ukuze siqonde isayensi yama-echoes, kufanele sibheke i-physics yomsindo. Amaza omsindo adaleka lapho into idlidliza, okwenza izinhlayiya zomoya ziye emuva naphambili. La maza omsindo ahamba emoyeni aze afike entweni ethile. Lapho amaza omsindo eshaya into, ayahlehla abuyele emthonjeni wawo. Yilokhu esikubiza ngokuthi i-echo.

Ukuvezwa kwamaza omsindo kuncike ezintweni eziningana, njengokuma nokuthungwa kwento, ibanga phakathi kwento nomthombo womsindo, kanye nemvamisa yamaza omsindo. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani ezinye izilwane zikhiqiza ama-echo kanti ezinye azikwenzi.

Ukubaluleka Kwenanela Ekuxhumaneni Kwezilwane

Ama-echoes adlala indima ebalulekile ekuxhumaneni kwezilwane. Izilwane eziningi zisebenzisa ama-echoes ukuze zizulazule endaweni yazo futhi zithole inyamazane. Amalulwane, isibonelo, akhipha imisindo yefrikhwensi ephezulu ebhampa entweni bese ibuyela ezindlebeni zawo. Ngokuhlaziya lama-echo, amalulwane angakwazi ukwakha imephu yengqondo yendawo ezungezile futhi athole izinambuzane azodla kuzo.

Ezinye izilwane, njengamahlengethwa nemikhomo, zisebenzisa ama-echo ukuze zixhumane zodwa. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle zikhiqiza imisindo ehlukahlukene, ehlanganisa ukuchofoza nokushaya amakhwela, ebhampa ezintweni futhi isetshenziselwa ukuthola amanye amalungu ohlobo lwazo.

Izilwane Ezisebenzisa Echoes Ukuzulazula futhi Hunt

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izilwane eziningi zisebenzisa ama-echo ukuze zizulazule futhi zizingele. Amalulwane mhlawumbe ayisibonelo esaziwa kakhulu salokhu. Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezindizayo zikhipha imisindo ephezulu egxumagxuma entweni bese ibuyela ezindlebeni zazo. Ngokuhlaziya lama-echo, amalulwane angakwazi ukwakha imephu yengqondo yendawo ezungezile futhi athole izinambuzane azodla kuzo.

Ezinye izinyoni nazo zisebenzisa ama-echo ukuze zithole inyamazane. I-oilbird, isibonelo, inyoni yasebusuku ehlala emigedeni. Ikhipha uchungechunge lokuchofoza okugxumayo ezindongeni zomhume futhi kuyisize ithole inyamazane yayo, ehlanganisa izithelo nezinambuzane.

Isilwane Esimangalisayo Esingakhiqizi I-Echo

Nakuba izilwane eziningi zithembele emazwini ukuze zixhumane futhi zihambe, kunesilwane esisodwa esingakhiqizi i-echo: isikhova. Naphezu kokuzwa kwazo okuhle nekhono lokuthola inyamazane ebumnyameni obuphelele, izikhova aziwenzi enanela lapho zihayiza.

Isayensi Ngemva Kwezwi Lesilwane Esithule

Isizathu sokuthi kungani izikhova zingavezi ama-echoes kuseyimpicabadala. Nokho, ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kuhlobene nokwakheka kwezimpaphe zabo. Izikhova zinezimpaphe eziguqulelwe ngokukhethekile eziklanyelwe ukuvala umsindo. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zindize buthule futhi ziqamekele inyamazane yazo ngaphandle kokubonwa.

I-Physiology Eyingqayizivele yalesi Silwane Esingenasici

Ngaphezu kokwakheka kwezimpaphe zazo, izikhova zibuye zibe ne-physiology eyingqayizivele ezisiza ukuba zigweme ukukhiqiza ama-echoes. Zinobuso obukhulu, obumise okwesitsha obunamadlebe asymmetrical. Lokhu kuzivumela ukuthi zikhombe ngokunembile indawo yempango yazo ngaphandle kokuncika kuma-echoes.

Indlela Lesi Silwane Esixhumana Ngayo Ngaphandle Kwama-echoes

Nakuba zingakhiqizi ama-echo, izikhova zisakwazi ukuxhumana zisebenzisa imisindo ehlukahlukene. Akhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zama-hoot, ama-screeches, namakhwela asetshenziselwa imibukiso yendawo kanye nemikhuba yokukhwelana.

Izinzuzo Ezingaba Khona Zezwi Ngaphandle Kwenanela

Ukuba nezwi elingakhiqizi ama-echos kungaba inzuzo ezilwaneni ezithembele kumaqhinga okucasha nokucathamela. Ezikhovani, kuzivumela ukuba zizingele buthule futhi zigweme ukutholwa inyamazane yazo. Kuphinde kuzivumele ukuthi zixhumane zodwa ngaphandle kokunikeza indawo yazo kwabangase babe izilwane ezidla ezinye.

Imithelela Yokucwaninga Nezokongiwa Kwezilwane

Ukuqonda ukuthi izilwane zixhumana kanjani futhi zihamba kanjani kubalulekile emizamweni yokongiwa kwemvelo. Ngokutadisha isayensi yemvelo eyingqayizivele kanye nokuziphatha kwezilwane ezinjengezikhova, ososayensi bangathola ulwazi mayelana nendlela yokuvikela nokugcina izindawo zabo zokuhlala.

Isiphetho: Umhlaba Othakazelisayo Wokuxhumana Kwezilwane

Umhlaba wokuxhumana kwezilwane mkhulu futhi uhlukahlukene. Kusukela ekuzwaneni okuphakeme kwamalulwane kuya kuma-hoots athule ezikhova, izilwane ziye zashintsha izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana. Ngokutadisha lezi zindlela zokuxhumana, ososayensi bangathola ukuqonda okungcono ngendawo yemvelo futhi bakhe amasu okonga nokongiwa.

Izikhombo kanye nokufunda okwengeziwe

• I-National Geographic. (2014). Izikhova Zindiza Kanjani Zithule? Kubuyiswe kusukela ku-https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/3/140304-owls-fly-silently-mystery-solved-science/
• Roeder, KD (1967). Kungani izikhova zikhala? Ukubuyekezwa Kwekota Kwebhayoloji, 42(2), 147-158.
• Simmons, JA, & Stein, RA (1980). I-Acoustic imaging ku-bat sonar: amasignali e-echolocation kanye nokuvela kwe-echolocation. Ijenali ye-Comparative Physiology A, 135(1), 61-84.