UMary Allen
Ziyizinyoni zasenyakatho ekude: Izikhova ezineqhwa zihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho kuphela zomhlaba futhi zijwayele ukuphila eqhweni naseqhweni.
Izici
Zibukeka kanjani izikhova ezineqhwa?
Izikhova zeqhwa ziyingxenye yomndeni wezikhova futhi ziyizihlobo eziseduze zesikhova sokhozi. Ziyizinyoni ezinamandla kakhulu: zingakhula zibe amasentimitha angu-66 futhi zibe nesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-2.5. Ubude bamaphiko azo buyi-140 kuya ku-165 amasentimitha.
Abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Amaduna nezinsikazi nawo ayahluka ngombala wezimpaphe zawo: kuyilapho abesilisa beba mhlophe futhi babe mhlophe phakathi nokuphila kwabo, izikhova zezinsikazi ezineqhwa zinezimpaphe ezinombala okhanyayo ezinemigqa ensundu. Izikhova Ezincane Zeqhwa zimpunga. Okujwayelekile kwesikhova yikhanda eliyindilinga elinamehlo amakhulu, aphuzi ngokusagolide kanye noqhwaku olumnyama.
Ngisho noqhwaku lunazo izimpaphe – kodwa zincane kangangokuthi azibonakali uma ukude. Amadlebe anezimpaphe zesikhova esineqhwa awabizi kakhulu ngakho-ke awabonakali kakhulu. Izikhova zingaphendula amakhanda azo aze afike ku-270 degrees. Lena indlela ephelele yokuba babheke inyamazane.
Zihlala kuphi izikhova ezineqhwa?
Izikhova zeqhwa zihlala kuphela enyakatho nenkabazwe: enyakatho yeYurophu, e-Iceland, eCanada, e-Alaska, eSiberia naseGreenland. Bahlala lapho kuphela enyakatho ngokwedlulele, eduze ne-Arctic Circle.
Indawo yabo eseningizimu yokusabalalisa isezintabeni zaseNorway. Nokho, azitholakali esiqhingini sase-Arctic, iSvalbard, ngoba awekho ama-lemmings lapho - futhi ama-lemmings ayizisulu eziyinhloko zalezi zilwane. Izikhova zeqhwa zihlala e-tundra ngaphezu komugqa wesihlahla lapho kune-bog. Ebusika bakhetha izindawo lapho umoya uphephula iqhwa. Ukuze zizale, ziya ezindaweni lapho iqhwa lincibilika khona ngokushesha entwasahlobo. Bahlala ezindaweni zokuhlala ukusuka olwandle ukuya ku-1500 m ukuphakama.
Yiziphi izinhlobo zezikhova ezikhona?
Ezinhlotsheni zezikhova ezicishe zibe ngu-200 emhlabeni wonke, ziyi-13 kuphela ezihlala eYurophu. Isikhova sokhozi, okuyivelakancane kakhulu kuleli, sihlobene eduze nesikhova esikhithika. Kodwa uyoba mkhulu nakakhulu. Isikhova siwuhlobo lwesikhova esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ubude bamaphiko aso bungaba amasentimitha angu-170.
Izikhova ezineqhwa ziba neminyaka emingaki?
Izikhova zasendle ezineqhwa ziphila phakathi kweminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye neyi-15. Nokho, ekuthunjweni, bangaphila iminyaka engu-28.
Behave
Ziphila kanjani izikhova ezineqhwa?
Izikhova zeqhwa zingabahambi abasindayo. Indawo yazo incane kangangokuthi inyamazane yazo nayo iyancipha ngokushesha. Khona-ke isikhova seqhwa siqhubekela eningizimu size sithole ukudla okwanele futhi.
Ngale ndlela, isikhova esineqhwa ngezinye izikhathi sitholakala ngisho nasenkabeni yeRussia, enkabeni ye-Asia, nasenyakatho ye-United States. Nakuba izikhova ezineqhwa zithanda ukusebenza lapho kuhwalala, ziphinde zizingele inyamazane emini nasebusuku. Lokho kuncike ekutheni izisulu zabo eziyinhloko, ama-lemmings nama-grouse, zisebenza nini.
Lapho ekhulisa izingane, cishe njalo ziphuma ukuze zithole ukudla okwanele. Ngemva kokukhuliswa, baba yizizungu futhi futhi bazulazule bodwa endaweni yabo, abayivikela ngokumelene ne-conspecifics. Kuphela ebusika obunzima kakhulu lapho ngezinye izikhathi benza ama-swarms axekethile. Izikhova ezineqhwa zingamelana nesimo sezulu esingesihle neze: Zivame ukuhlala zinganyakazi emadwaleni noma emagqumeni amahora amaningi futhi zibheke inyamazane.
Lokhu kungenzeka kuphela ngoba umzimba wonke, kuhlanganisa nezinyawo, umbozwe izimpaphe - futhi izimpaphe zesikhova seqhwa zinde futhi ziminyene kunanoma yisiphi esinye isikhova. Njengoba zisongwe ngale ndlela, zivikeleke ngokwanele emakhazeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhova zeqhwa zingagcina amagremu angu-800 wamafutha, okuthi ngaphezu kwezimpaphe zivikeleke emakhazeni. Ngenxa yalolu ngqimba lwamafutha, bangasinda ezikhathini zendlala.
Abangane nezitha zezikhova ezineqhwa
Izimpungushe zase-Arctic nama-skuas yizitha zezikhova ezineqhwa kuphela. Lapho zisongelwa, zivula imilomo yazo, ziphehle izimpaphe zazo, ziphakamise amaphiko azo futhi zihayize. Uma umhlaseli engasuki, azivikela ngezinzipho noqhwaku noma azithele phezu kwezitha zawo lapho endiza.
Izikhova ezineqhwa zizalana kanjani?
Inkathi yokukhwelana kwezikhova ezineqhwa iqala ebusika. Abesilisa nabesifazane bahlala ndawonye isizini eyodwa futhi banomlingani oyedwa kuphela ngalesi sikhathi. Eyeduna iheha ezinsikazi ngokukhala nangokunyakazisa ukunwaya. Lokhu kukhombisa ukumbiwa komgodi wesidleke.
Bese kuthi eyeduna yenza izindiza zokuqomisana, eziya kancane futhi kancane zize ziwele phansi - futhi zijike ngokushesha zibuyele emoyeni. Zombili lezi zinyoni zibe sezicula futhi eyeduna iyengela insikazi ezindaweni ezifanele zokuzalela. Owesilisa uphethe i-lemming efile emlonyeni wakhe. Kuphela uma isidlulisele kwensikazi lapho kukhwelana khona.
Ukuzalanisa kwenzeka phakathi kwamadwala namagquma kusukela maphakathi noMeyi. Insikazi imba umgodi phansi bese izalela kuwo amaqanda ayo. Kuye ngokutholakala kokudla, insikazi izalela amaqanda amathathu kuya kwayishumi nanye ngezikhawu zezinsuku ezimbili. Ifukamela iyodwa futhi idliswa eyeduna ngalesi sikhathi.
Ngemva kwesikhathi esingangenyanga, amaphuphu ayachanyuselwa, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile izinsuku ezimbili. Ngakho amatshwele aneminyaka ehlukene. Uma kungenakudla okwanele, amatshwele amancane namatshwele ayafa. Kuphela ngokudla okucebile lapho wonke umuntu eyosinda. Insikazi ibheka amaphuphu esidlekeni kuyilapho eyeduna ilanda ukudla. Intsha ibaleka ngemva kwamasonto ayisithupha kuya kwayisikhombisa. Bavuthwa ngokocansi ekupheleni konyaka wesibili wokuphila.
Izikhova ezineqhwa zizingela kanjani?
Izikhova ezineqhwa zintweza cishe buthule emoyeni futhi zimangaze inyamazane yazo, ezibamba ngayo lapho zindiza ngezinzipho zazo futhi ziyibulale ngokuluma ngoqhwaku lwazo olucijile. Uma ungawabambe okokuqala, azogijima alandele inyamazane yawo, ebhakuzisa phansi. Ngenxa yezimpaphe ezinyaweni zazo, azishoni eqhweni.
Izikhova ezineqhwa zixhumana kanjani?
Izikhova zeqhwa ziyizinyoni ezinamahloni futhi ezithule isikhathi esiningi sonyaka. Amaduna akhipha umsindo omkhulu kuphela kanye ne-"Hu" ejulile, ekhonkotha ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Lezi zingcingo zizwakala ngamamayela kude. Kuphela i-squawk ekhanyayo futhi ethule kakhulu ezwakala kwabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhova ezineqhwa zikwazi ukuhayiza futhi zikhiphe izingcingo ezisikhumbuza ukukhala kwama-seagull.