UMary Allen
Izinhlobo zezitshalo, isibonelo, ummbila, utamatisi, i-oki kakhokho, i-beech evamile, noma i-alpine edelweiss. Uhlobo luyiyunithi ephansi kakhulu lapho umuntu efuna ukuhlukanisa izitshalo ngokunengqondo. Izitshalo zohlobo oluthile zingaphindaphindeka phakathi kwazo futhi ngaleyo ndlela zisakazeke. Futhi banezakhiwo ezivamile, isibonelo, utamatisi kanye nesihlahla sikakhokho abangenazo.
Izinhlobo eziningana zezitshalo ezinezici ezifanayo zingahlanganiswa zibe isizukulwane. Izinhlobo eziningana ezinezici ezifanayo zakha imindeni. Lokhu kungabuye kuhlanganiswe ngama-oda, amakilasi, neminyango. Lelo kungaba yiqembu elikhulu kunawo wonke. Ngakho-ke ukuhlukaniswa kuya ngokuya kuba nzima, ngakho-ke izinhlobo zezitshalo ziwuhlelo olunembe kakhulu. Phakathi, kukhona ukuhlukana okuhle nakakhulu.
Ukuhlukaniswa kuyafana nezinhlobo zezilwane, kunomehluko owodwa: izwe lezilwane lihlukaniswe ngezizwe ezahlukene, futhi umbuso wezitshalo uhlukaniswe iminyango ehlukene. Okunye kuyafana. Kusayensi, ukuhlukaniswa kushintshile kaningi. Esikhathini esidlule, izitshalo zazihlukaniswa ngokufana kwazo. Namuhla, ukuzalana kunqunywa nezakhi zofuzo.
Sizihlukanisa kanjani izitshalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke?
Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke sihlukanisa izitshalo ngendlela esizidinga ngayo: sinezimbali okufanele sizibuke. Ngokuvamile sidla amajikijolo nezithelo ziluhlaza, ngokuvamile njengokudla okulula. Siphinde sidla isaladi iluhlaza, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngesoso futhi sidinga okusika kuyo. Isikhathi esiningi sipheka imifino futhi asivamile ukuyidla iluhlaza, isibonelo, izaqathi.
Ezikhungweni zasengadini, futhi, ulimi lwe-colloquial lunzima. Lapha, amagama ahlukahlukene asetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa izitshalo avame ukusetshenziswa ngokungalungile. Umuntu uvame ukukhuluma ngezinhlobo zezitshalo, kodwa empeleni usho uhlobo. Leli yiqembu lokuqala elingenhla kwalo. Isibonelo, akukho "oki" njengezinhlobo zezitshalo. Kodwa kukhona uhlobo lwe-oki. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ze-cork oak, i-pedunculate oak, i-holm oak, nezinye eziningi. Kodwa ngokuvamile uchwepheshe kuphela ongasho umehluko.
Izitshalo zihlukaniswa kanjani kubhayoloji?
Ku-biology, ubona izinto ngendlela ehlukile. I-apula, isibonelo, liqhakaza lokuqala futhi kamuva libe isithelo. Uma ushiya ulethisi nemifino engadini isikhathi eside ngokwanele, zizothuthukisa izimbali kanye nembewu kamuva. Ngakho lokho akulungile ekuhlukaniseni okunembayo. Ngakho-ke izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zakha isimiso esinembe kakhudlwana. Bayibiza ngokuthi "i-biosystematics" noma "i-taxonomy".
Ezazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kuneminyango emine embusweni wezitshalo: ama-liverworts, ama-mosses, ama-hornworts, nezitshalo ze-vascular. Izitshalo zemithambo yizona ezaziwa kakhulu. Zihlukanise zibe izingxenye ezimbili, uzibuze ukuthi zinembewu noma cha.
Ekuhlukaniseni izitshalo zembewu, umuntu uyazibuza ukuthi ngabe imbewu ifakwe esibelethweni. Uma kunjalo, umuntu ukhuluma ngesigaba sezitshalo eziqhakazayo. Kunezinhlobo ezingu-226,000. Lokhu kuhlanganisa iningi lezitshalo zethu eziqhakazayo, okungukuthi izimbali, izithelo, amajikijolo, izihlahla ezivuthulukayo, nokunye okuningi. Uma i-ovary ivuliwe, umuntu ukhuluma ngeklasi lama-nudibranchs. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ama-conifers afana ne-fir, i-spruce, i-larch, nabanye abaningi.
Ngaphezu kwezitshalo zembewu, kukhona nezitshalo ezizala ngaphandle kwembewu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-ferns, akhiqiza ngezinhlamvu. Kodwa-ke, akucaci ngokuphelele kwisayensi ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo okufanele zifakwe kulesi siqeshana.