UMary Allen
Ukuqaphela okunjalo kubonisa ukuthi izinambuzane ikakhulukazi azibuzwa ubuhlungu njengoba kwenza abantu. Banezitho zezinzwa abangakwazi ukuzwa ngazo izisusa zobuhlungu. Kodwa cishe izilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla azibazi ubuhlungu ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo sobuchopho esilula - ngisho nezikelemu kanye nezinambuzane.
Isazi se-neurobiologist saseBerlin uMenzel simele umbono ohlukile. Ngokombono wakhe, ubuhlungu abuxhomekile ekuqapheleni noma ekuthuthukisweni kwe-phylogenetic. Ku-Menzel, umbono wobuhlungu unento yokwenza nokuhlonza. "Lapho izilwane zizizwa njengabantu ngabanye, zingaphinde zibe nengxenye yemizwa - into efana nobuhlungu," kusho uMenzel.
Ingwane, isibonelo, iyakwazi ukwenza lokhu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izisebenzi zeqoqo lezinyosi zazingakwazi ukubonana njengabantu ngabanye. Ngakho-ke, i-Menzel ibheka njengento engenakwenzeka ukuthi izinyosi zizwe ubuhlungu.
Ngisho noma ukungabaza kusasele: EJalimane, kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele ukubangela ubuhlungu ezilwaneni. Umthetho Wenhlalakahle Yezilwane ulandela isiphetho sesifaniso. Kodwa-ke, izilwane ezinomgogodla kuphela njengezinhlanzi, izilwane ezihlala emanzini, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, izinyoni, nezilwane ezincelisayo ezivikelekile ngaphansi komthetho wobugebengu. Izilwane ezingenamgogodla njengezinambuzane, izicabucabu, neminenke zishiywa ngaphandle.
Okwamanje, ukuhlola ngalezi zidalwa kufanele kubikwe kuphela, kodwa akusagunyazwa. Ama-squid athile kanye nama-crustaceans athuthuke kakhulu njengelobster athatha isikhundla esikhethekile. Ucwaningo lwesayensi lubonise ukuthi lezi zilwane zinesimiso sezinzwa esithuthuke kakhulu esenza kube nokwenzeka ukuzwa ubuhlungu.
Ingabe isinambuzane singabuzwa ubuhlungu?
Ukuhlupheka Okuphikelelayo: Izinambuzane azikwazi nje ukuzwa ubuhlungu obukhulu, futhi zihlushwa ubuhlungu obungapheli - njengathi, abantu. Ngisho noma ukulimala kwemizwa kudala kwaphola, kuzwela ngokweqile ezenzweni zobuhlungu, njengoba ucwaningo luye lwabonisa.
Ingabe isicabucabu singabuzwa ubuhlungu?
UWolfgang Nentwig, isazi semvelo kanye nomcwaningi wesicabucabu, eNyuvesi yaseBern “Zonke izilwane ezinohlelo lwezinzwa oluphakathi ziyakwazi ukuzwa ubuhlungu, okuhlanganisa izilwane ezinomgogodla kanye nama-arthropods njengezicabucabu nama-molluscs.
Ingabe izilwane zizwa ubuhlungu lapho zidliwa?
Izinyoni zinama-receptors ezinhlungu ngakho-ke zizwa ubuhlungu njengezilwane ezincelisayo, ngokusho kuka-Bekoff. Ocwaningweni lwango-2000, izinkukhu ezikhubazekile zakhetha ukudla okuqukethe amaphilisi ezinhlungu lapho zinikezwa ukukhetha ukudla.
Yiziphi izilwane ezingenabuhlungu?
Iqinile, iqinile, futhi iqine ngokwedlulele: Igundane lemvukuzane elinqunu lase-Afrika linezici ezilehlukanisa kuzo zonke ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo. Ithimba labacwaningi baseJalimane nabaseMelika lithole ukuthi cishe akazwani nhlobo nobuhlungu.
Inyosi ayikwazi ukububula
Izimpawu zobuhlungu zivame ukuvezwa kuphela ukuhlolwa komzimba, njengokukhuphuka kwenhliziyo noma ukuguqulwa kwama-hormone.
Ngisho noma ubuhlungu buba umuzwa olinganisekayo ngale ndlela: Ekugcineni, abantu badlulisela ulwazi lwabo kuphela emhlabeni wezilwane ngokufanisa.
Lokhu kungase kube nengqondo lapho usebenzelana nezilwane ezisondelene kakhulu nabantu. Nokho, lapho iqhelelene kakhulu nezinga le-phylogenetic, kulapho kuvela khona izindlela zobuhlungu ezingavamile: Inyosi ayikwazi ukububula noma igaye amazinyo.
Isimiso sabo sezinzwa asinakuqhathaniswa neze nesimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko sezilwane ezinomgogodla. Noma kunjalo, isazi sezinzwa uMenzel, naye ngokwakhe ocwaninga ngezinqubo zokufunda ezinyosini, sibheka lesi sifaniso njengesiwusizo ekuhloleni ubuhlungu: “Ngicabanga ukuthi ukufana kwabantu akusona isisekelo esibi. Ngesizathu esisodwa esilula: asinaso esinye esitholakalayo.”
Nokho, ngomoya ofanayo, uMenzel uxwayisa ngesiphetho esiphambene: “Umuntu kumelwe aqaphele angacabangi ukuthi isibungu sizwa ubuhlungu ngenxa nje yokuthi siyashwaqa.”
Ngokombono wesayensi, ukuzwelana kakhulu akufanelekile, kuvumelana no-Alexander Borst ovela kuMax Planck Institute for Neurobiology eMartinsried. Abantu bahluke kakhulu ezilwaneni ukuba bangahluleli ubuhlungu besilwane: “Isinambuzane esiphuke umlenze sihamba njengoba sasenza ngaphambili, ngaphandle kokuwugodla umlenze.” Ngisho nezintethe zilokhu zidla nje zidliwa umthandazi.