UMary Allen
Ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kusho ukuthi abantu basebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimo sezulu asishintshi kakhulu. Umhlaba ubulokhu ufudumala kusukela kwasungulwa izimboni ngekhulu le-19. Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi amagesi abamba ukushisa njenge-carbon dioxide. Uma kukhona okuningi emkhathini, khona-ke kuya kufudumala: ukushisa kwelanga okushaya umhlaba ngeke kusawushiya umhlaba kalula kanjalo.
Umgomo wokuvikela isimo sezulu uwukugcina ukufudumala kweplanethi yethu kungaphansi kwama-degree Celsius amabili. Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi ukufudumala okwengeziwe kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu emhlabeni wethu nakubantu abakuwo. Lo mgomo wabekwa cishe yiwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni eParis ngo-2015.
Nokho, isimo sezulu sesifudumeze cishe cishe idigri elilodwa. Ukufudumala nakho kuyakhula ngesivinini. Ngakho-ke, cishe bonke ososayensi banombono wokuthi umuntu kufanele athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze akwazi ukufinyelela umgomo.
Ungasivikela kanjani isimo sezulu?
Okuningi esikwenzayo nsuku zonke kukhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Izindawo eziningi zempilo yethu zisebenzisa amandla amaningi: ekhaya lapho sihamba, ezimbonini, njalonjalo. Ukuze sivikele isimo sezulu, kufanele ngakolunye uhlangothi sizame ukusebenzisa amandla amancane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi la mandla ahlanzeke ngangokunokwenzeka.
Njengamanje, amandla amaningi asatholakala kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-fossil. Lena imithombo yamandla egcinwe ngaphansi komhlaba izigidi zeminyaka. Kuye kwagcinwa inani elikhulu lesikhutha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Lapho zishiswa, lesi sikhutha siphumela emkhathini. Izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, uwoyela ongahluziwe, igesi yemvelo, namalahle aqinile.
Esikhundleni salezi zinto zokubasa, kufanele kusetshenziswe amandla avuselelekayo kuphela. Ngakho-ke ugesi kufanele ukhiqizwe ngezinjini zomoya, amaseli elanga, noma amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi. Abacwaningi basebenzela ukuthuthukisa lezi zindlela futhi basungule amasu amasha okukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo. Ngokuzayo, izimoto, izindiza, nezinye izinto zokuhamba nazo zingasebenzisa ugesi ovela kumandla avuselelekayo.
Amanye amafutha angabuye akhule: enziwe ngezitshalo, isibonelo. Okubizwa ngokuthi i-biogas nakho kungakhiqizwa ngale ndlela, isibonelo, ukushisa indlu. Kukhona nezinjini ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen. I-Hydrogen iyiphethiloli, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okukhiqiza kuphela amanzi angenabungozi esimweni sezulu.
Kodwa ngisho nale mithombo yamandla ehlanzekile inobuthakathaka bayo. I-hydrogen kufanele iqale ikhiqizwe. Lokhu nakho kudinga amandla amaningi. Ama-windmill angaba yingozi ezinyonini eziningi futhi aphazamise ubuhle bendawo kubantu abaningi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli elanga kudla amandla amaningi. Amadamu ashintsha indlela yemvelo yemifula futhi acekele phansi indawo yokuhlala yezilwane eziningi. Eminingi yale mithombo yamandla nayo ayinikezi amandla afanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amaseli elanga awasebenzi ebusuku, isibonelo. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukugcina ugesi ngandlela thize, kodwa lokhu kuze kube manje sekubiza kakhulu.
Kuphinde kube nenkinga ngemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kanye namafutha: uma uhlakulela okuthile ensimini ukuze ukhiqize amandla kuwo, awukwazi ukuhlakulela izitshalo ezidliwayo lapho ngesikhathi esifanayo. Noma izitshalo ezidliwayo ziguqulwa zibe yi-biogas. Nalapho kuba kuncane ukudla.
Izinto eziningi ezilungele isimo sezulu azisizi ngokuzenzakalelayo imvelo iyonke. Ngakho-ke ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kuhlanganisa nokuqhubeka kocwaningo kule mithombo yamandla ahlanzekile neminye. Umgomo wukuthi bahlinzeka ngamandla amaningi futhi babe nemiphumela emibi embalwa kwezinye izindawo.
Ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu
Ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kusho ukuthi abantu basebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isimo sezulu asishintshi kakhulu. Umhlaba ubulokhu ufudumala kusukela kwasungulwa izimboni ngekhulu le-19. Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi amagesi abamba ukushisa njenge-carbon dioxide. Uma kukhona okuningi emkhathini, khona-ke kuya kufudumala: ukushisa kwelanga okushaya umhlaba ngeke kusawushiya umhlaba kalula kanjalo.
Umgomo wokuvikela isimo sezulu uwukugcina ukufudumala kweplanethi yethu kungaphansi kwama-degree Celsius amabili. Ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi ukufudumala okwengeziwe kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu emhlabeni wethu nakubantu abakuwo. Lo mgomo wabekwa cishe yiwo wonke amazwe emhlabeni eParis ngo-2015.
Nokho, isimo sezulu sesifudumezekile cishe yi-degree eyodwa. Ukufudumala nakho kuyakhula ngesivinini. Ngakho-ke, cishe bonke ososayensi banombono wokuthi umuntu kufanele athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze akwazi ukufinyelela umgomo.
Ungasivikela kanjani isimo sezulu?
Okuningi esikwenzayo nsuku zonke kukhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Izindawo eziningi zempilo yethu zisebenzisa amandla amaningi: ekhaya lapho sihamba, ezimbonini, njalonjalo. Ukuze sivikele isimo sezulu, kufanele sizame ngakolunye uhlangothi ukusebenzisa amandla amancane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele siqinisekise ukuthi la mandla ahlanzeke ngangokunokwenzeka.
Njengamanje, amandla amaningi asatholakala kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-fossil. Lena imithombo yamandla egcinwe ngaphansi komhlaba izigidi zeminyaka. Kuye kwagcinwa inani elikhulu lesikhutha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Lapho zishiswa, lesi sikhutha siphumela emkhathini. Izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, uwoyela ongahluziwe, igesi yemvelo, namalahle aqinile.
Esikhundleni salezi zinto zokubasa, kufanele kusetshenziswe amandla avuselelekayo kuphela. Ngakho-ke ugesi kufanele ukhiqizwe ngezinjini zomoya, amaseli elanga, noma amandla aphehlwa ngamanzi. Abacwaningi basebenzela ukuthuthukisa lezi zindlela futhi basungule amasu amasha okukhiqiza amandla avuselelekayo. Ngokuzayo, izimoto, izindiza, nezinye izinto zokuhamba nazo zingasebenzisa ugesi ovela kumandla avuselelekayo.
Amanye amafutha angabuye akhule: enziwe ngezitshalo, isibonelo. Okubizwa ngokuthi i-biogas nakho kungakhiqizwa ngale ndlela, isibonelo, ukushisa indlu. Kukhona nezinjini ezisebenzisa i-hydrogen. I-Hydrogen iyiphethiloli, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okukhiqiza kuphela amanzi angenabungozi esimweni sezulu.
Kodwa ngisho nale mithombo yamandla ehlanzekile inobuthakathaka bayo. I-hydrogen kufanele iqale ikhiqizwe. Lokhu nakho kudinga amandla amaningi. Ama-windmill angaba yingozi ezinyonini eziningi futhi aphazamise ubuhle bendawo kubantu abaningi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli elanga kudla amandla amaningi. Amadamu ashintsha indlela yemvelo yemifula futhi acekele phansi indawo yokuhlala yezilwane eziningi. Eminingi yale mithombo yamandla nayo ayinikezi amandla afanayo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Amaseli elanga awasebenzi ebusuku, isibonelo. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukugcina ugesi ngandlela thize, kodwa lokhu kuze kube manje sekubiza kakhulu.
Kuphinde kube nenkinga ngemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kanye namafutha: uma uhlakulela okuthile ensimini ukuze ukhiqize amandla kuwo, awukwazi ukuhlakulela izitshalo ezidliwayo lapho ngesikhathi esifanayo. Noma izitshalo ezidliwayo ziguqulwa zibe yi-biogas. Nalapho kuba kuncane ukudla.
Izinto eziningi ezilungele isimo sezulu azisizi ngokuzenzakalelayo imvelo iyonke. Ngakho-ke ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu kuhlanganisa nokuqhubeka kocwaningo kule mithombo yamandla ahlanzekile neminye. Umgomo wukuthi bahlinzeka ngamandla amaningi futhi babe nemiphumela emibi embalwa kwezinye izindawo.
Izitshalo bezilokhu zikhipha i-carbon dioxide emkhathini. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis. Ngakho-ke amahlathi abaluleke kakhulu ekuvikelweni kwesimo sezulu futhi kufanele agcinwe. Nokho, thina bantu njengamanje sikhiphela isikhutha esiningi emkhathini kunalokho izitshalo ezingamunca. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ayanda amahlathi agawulwayo. Ukutshala amahlathi amasha kungagcina isikhutha esengeziwe sokhuni. Sikhuluma ngokutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi. Abanye abacwaningi baye benza izinhlelo zokubopha isikhutha esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka ngezigidi zezihlahla ezintsha.
I-algae nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikelweni kwesimo sezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi ziningi, zibopha amathani amaningi e-carbon dioxide ngonyaka. Lapho ulwelwe lufa, lushona phansi olwandle kanye nesikhutha esihambisana nalo. Ngakho, basusa unomphela okuningi emkhathini. Ngale ndlela, bangaphinda babophe i-carbon dioxide eyengeziwe. Nokho, akukacaci ukuthi lokhu bekungaba namuphi umphumela.
Ucwaningo luyenziwa futhi ngezinketho zobuchwepheshe zokukhipha i-carbon dioxide emkhathini. Okubizwa ngokuthi izihlahla zokwenziwa zingasefa isikhutha emoyeni. Le carbon dioxide ingasetshenziswa ke. Ingasetshenziswa njengomanyolo wezitshalo ku-greenhouse noma isetshenziselwe ukwenza izinto zokubasa zokwenziwa. Kodwa-ke, lobu buchwepheshe abukanele ukususa igesi ebamba ukushisa emoyeni.
Kuphinde kuthuthukiswe izindlela zezitshalo zikagesi ezisebenzisa izinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi njengamalahle ukuze zikhiphe isikhutha esincane emkhathini. Esikhundleni sokukhiphela isikhutha emkhathini, sijikijelwa emadwaleni angaphansi komhlaba. Ngakho-ke akusafaki isandla ekufudumaleni.
Abantu bavame ukusho ukuthi kukhona "okungathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lokhu kungasho ukuthi umkhiqizo wakhiqizwa ngokuphelele ngamandla avuselelekayo ngakho-ke akukho carbon dioxide eyangena emkhathini. Kodwa kungasho futhi ukuthi i-carbon dioxide isingenile ngempela emkhathini. Kodwa umenzi uye wasekela amaphrojekthi alondoloza inani elifanayo le-carbon dioxide futhi. Ngakho ayisekho igesi ebamba ukushisa emkhathini kunangaphambili. Lokhu kubizwa nangokuthi “isinxephezelo”. Ngokwesibonelo, indiza ende ikhiphela isikhutha esiningi emkhathini. Ngakho-ke, abanye abahambi bakhokha ngokuzithandela imali eyengeziwe enhlanganweni. Lokhu kusebenzisa imali kumaphrojekthi onga inani elifanayo le-carbon dioxide elakhiqizwa phakathi nendiza. Lokhu kwenza indiza "ingathathi hlangothi kwesimo sezulu".
Ingabe isimo sezulu sivikelekile ngokwanele?
Ngo-1990, edolobheni laseJapane iKyoto, cishe wonke amazwe emhlabeni azibekela imigomo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesisi esingcolisa umoya ngokokuqala ngqá. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amanye amazwe asewanciphisa kakade amanye amagesi abamba ukushisa. Emhlabeni wonke, ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa kuye kwaqhubeka nokukhuphuka.
Nokho, abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe manje bayaqiniseka ukuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyingozi kakhulu futhi kungase kuzwakale. Bafuna ohulumeni babo bavikele isimo sezulu kangcono. Kusukela ekupheleni konyaka wezi-2018, abantu abasha abavela ngoLwesihlanu lwekusasa kanye nezinye izinhlangano eziningi ezivikela imvelo emhlabeni wonke bebekhankasela lokhu. Bayanda osaziwayo abasebenzisa izinga labo lodumo ukudonsa amehlo ngokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Emazweni amaningi, ohulumeni baye banquma noma bazonquma ngezinhlelo zokuvikela isimo sezulu. Lawa mazwe afuna ukudedela kancane kancane amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini. Amazwe amaningi anezinhlelo zokuba angathathi hlangothi noma acishe angathathi hlangothi ngo-2050. Ukuze kufezeke lokhu, kumele asebenzise izindlela eziningi eminyakeni ezayo ukuze le nhloso ifezeke.
Lokhu kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi inani le-carbon dioxide. Esikhathini esizayo, amazwe amaningi kuyodingeka akhokhe imali ngethani ngalinye lesikhutha alikhiphayo. Kwethenjwa ukuthi umklomelo uzokhuthaza abantu nezinkampani ukuthi banciphise ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni.
Ukuvikela isimo sezulu kusho nokuthi abantu kufanele bavumelane nesimo sezulu esishintshayo. Isibonelo, amadolobha asogwini lolwandle kufanele abheke ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle. Ngakho-ke kufanele uqale ukucabanga ngendlela yokuzivikela ezikhukhuleni namuhla. Amahlathi kufanele anakekele amahlathi abo ngendlela yokuthi akwazi ukuphila endaweni efudumele nebi kakhulu.
Kodwa sekunesikhathi eside kunezinhlelo eziya kude zokulwa nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Abantu babeyoba nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezulu soMhlaba. Omunye umqondo kungaba ukwethula iziphuphutheki ezithile emkhathini. Njengohlobo oluthile lwe-parasol, lezi zizoqinisekisa ukuthi imisebe yelanga embalwa ifika emhlabeni futhi ipholise. Omunye umqondo kungaba ukufaka amakhemikhali emkhathini azowupholisa.
Kodwa-ke, yonke le mibono iphikisana kakhulu ngoba izophinde ihlanganise nezingozi nezinkinga ezengeziwe. Bangase futhi bakhulise ithemba elingamanga. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi abaningi bacabanga ukuthi kufanele siqale senze konke esingakwenza ukumisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu ngezindlela ezingenabungozi kangako.