UMary Allen
Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu wushintsho lwamanje lwesimo sezulu. Ngokuphambene nesimo sezulu, isimo sezulu sisho ukuthi kufudumele noma kubanda kangakanani endaweni isikhathi eside nokuthi isimo sezulu sivame ukuba njani lapho. Isimo sezulu sihlala sinjalo isikhathi eside, ngakho asishintshi noma sishintsha kancane kakhulu.
Isimo sezulu eMhlabeni sishintshe izikhathi eziningana phakathi nesikhathi eside. Isibonelo, kwakukhona inkathi yeqhwa ku-Old Stone Age. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakubanda kakhulu kunanamuhla. Lezi zinguquko zesimo sezulu zingokwemvelo futhi zinezimbangela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile, isimo sezulu sishintsha kancane kakhulu, emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Umuntu ongashadile ngeke alubone ushintsho olunjalo empilweni yakhe ngoba uhamba kancane.
Nokho, okwamanje sibhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu, ngokushesha kangangokuthi amazinga okushisa ayashintsha ngisho nasendaweni emfushane yokuphila komuntu. Isimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke siya ngokushisa. Enye iphinde ikhulume ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, inhlekelele yesimo sezulu, noma ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke. Cishe imbangela yalokhu kuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngokushesha yindoda. Uma abantu besebenzisa igama elithi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu namuhla, ngokuvamile basuke besho le nhlekelele.
Uyini umphumela we-greenhouse?
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-greenhouse effect empeleni kuqinisekisa ukuthi kufudumala kamnandi emhlabeni futhi akubandi amakhaza njengasemkhathini. Umkhathi, okungukuthi umoya ozungeza iplanethi yethu, unamagesi amaningi ahlukahlukene. Amanye alawa okuthiwa amagesi abamba ukushisa. Okwaziwa kakhulu kulawa yi-carbon dioxide, efushanisiwe ibe yi-CO2.
La magesi adala umphumela emhlabeni abalimi, isibonelo, abawusebenzisa ezindaweni zabo zokugcina izithombo noma ezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Lezi “zindlu” zengilazi zivumela ukukhanya kwelanga kungene, kodwa kuphume ingxenye yokushisa kuphela. Ingilazi iyakunakekela lokho. Uma imoto ishiywe elangeni isikhathi eside, ungagcina into efanayo: ifudumala ngokungabekezeleleki noma ishise emotweni.
Emkhathini, amagesi abamba ukushisa athatha indima yengilazi. Iningi lemisebe yelanga ifinyelela emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa umkhathi. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi bafudumale phansi. Nokho, umhlabathi nawo ukhipha lokhu kushisa futhi. Amagesi abamba ukushisa aqinisekisa ukuthi akukhona konke ukushisa okuphumayo kubuyele emkhathini. Lokhu kufudumala umhlaba. Lona umphumela wemvelo we-greenhouse. Kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ngaphandle kwawo ngabe asikho isimo sezulu esimnandi kangaka emhlabeni.
Kungani kushisa emhlabeni?
Uma kuba namagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, kuvinjelwa imisebe yokushisa ukuba ingaphumi emhlabeni. Lokhu kufudumala umhlaba. Yilokhu kanye osekunesikhathi kwenzeka.
Inani lamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini liye landa iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, kuhlala kune-carbon dioxide eyengeziwe. Ingxenye enkulu yaleyo carbon dioxide ivela kulokho abantu abakwenzayo.
Ngekhulu le-19, kwaba neNguquko Yezimboni. Kusukela lapho, abantu bebelokhu beshisa izinkuni namalahle amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, amalahle asetshenziswa kakhulu ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi. Ekhulwini elidlule, ukushiswa kwamafutha negesi yemvelo kwengezwa. Ikakhulukazi uwoyela ongahluziwe unguphethiloli obalulekile ezindleleni zethu eziningi zokuhamba zanamuhla: izimoto, amabhasi, imikhumbi, izindiza, njalo njalo. Iningi labo lishisa amafutha enziwe nge-petroleum ezinjinini zabo ukuze kuthi lapho zivutha kuphume isikhutha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlathi amaningi agawulwa, ikakhulukazi amahlathi asendulo. Lokhu kuyingozi kakhulu esimweni sezulu njengoba izihlahla zihlunga i-carbon dioxide emoyeni futhi ngaleyo ndlela zivikele isimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, uma zisikwa futhi zishiswa, i-CO2 eyengeziwe ikhishwa emkhathini.
Ingxenye yomhlaba ezuzwa ngale ndlela isetshenziselwa ezolimo. Inani elikhulu lezinkomo ezifuywa abantu lapho nalo lilimaza isimo sezulu. Igesi ebamba ukushisa eyingozi nakakhulu ikhiqizwa eziswini zemfuyo: i-methane. Ngaphezu kwe-methane, izilwane nobuchwepheshe babantu bukhiqiza amanye amagesi angaziwa kakhulu. Ezinye zazo ziyingozi nakakhulu esimweni sethu sezulu.
Ngenxa yokufudumala, i-permafrost eningi iyancibilika enyakatho. Ngenxa yalokho, amagesi amaningi aphuma emhlabathini, okubuye kushise isimo sezulu. Lokhu kudala umbuthano ononya, futhi kuba kubi kakhulu.
Iyini imiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu?
Okokuqala nje, izinga lokushisa emhlabeni lizokwanda. Ukuthi mangaki amadigri azokhuphuka kunzima ukubikezela namuhla. Lokho kuncike ezintweni eziningi, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuthi mangaki amagesi abamba ukushisa thina bantu esizophephezela emkhathini eminyakeni ezayo. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi, esimweni esibi kakhulu, umhlaba ungafudumala ngaphezudlwana kuka-5 degrees ngo-2100. Usuvele ufudumale cishe nge-1 degree uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa langaphambi kwezimboni lekhulu le-19.
Nokho, ngeke kufane yonke indawo, lezi zinombolo ziyisilinganiso kuphela. Ezinye izifunda zizofudumala kakhulu kunezinye. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Arctic ne-Antarctic kungenzeka ifudumale kakhulu.
Nokho, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kunemiphumela kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni wethu. Iqhwa e-Arctic nase-Antarctic liyancibilika, okungenani ingxenye yalo. Kuyafana ncamashi nezinguzunga zeqhwa ezisezintabeni ze-Alps nakwezinye izintaba zomhlaba. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamanzi ancibilikayo, izinga lolwandle liyakhuphuka. Ngenxa yalokho umhlaba osogwini ugcwele amanzi. Zonke iziqhingi zisengozini yokunyamalala, kuhlanganise nalezo ezihlala abantu, njengeMaldives, iTuvalu, noma iPalau.
Ngenxa yokuthi isimo sezulu sishintsha ngokushesha, izitshalo nezilwane eziningi ngeke zikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nazo. Ezinye zazo zizolahlekelwa indawo yazo futhi ekugcineni zishabalale. Izingwadule nazo ziya ziba zinkulu. Isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu nezinhlekelele zemvelo zingase zenzeke kaningi: ukuduma kwezulu okukhulu, iziphepho ezinamandla, izikhukhula, isomiso, njalonjalo.
Ososayensi abaningi bayasixwayisa ukuthi sigcine ukufudumala kuphansi ngangokunokwenzeka futhi senze okuthile ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ngokushesha. Bacabanga ukuthi esikhathini esithile kuyobe sekwephuze kakhulu futhi isimo sezulu siyobe sesishintshashintsha ngokuphelele. Khona-ke imiphumela ingaba yinhlekelele.
Wazi kanjani ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyenzeka?
Kusukela kudala kunama-thermometers, abantu bebelokhu bekala futhi beqopha izinga lokushisa elibazungezile. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uzobona ukuthi izinga lokushisa likhuphuka njalo, futhi ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha. Kuphinde kwatholakala ukuthi umhlaba usuvele ufudumele nge-degree elingu-1 kunalokho owawunjalo eminyakeni eyi-150 edlule.
Ososayensi baye bahlola indlela isimo sezulu somhlaba esishintshe ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, bahlola iqhwa e-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Ezindaweni ezijulile eqhweni, ungabona ukuthi isimo sezulu sasinjani kudala. Ungabona futhi ukuthi yimaphi amagesi ayesemoyeni. Ososayensi bathola ukuthi i-carbon dioxide yayincane emoyeni kunanamuhla. Kusukela kulokhu, bakwazi ukubala izinga lokushisa elikhona ngesikhathi esithile.
Cishe bonke ososayensi banombono wokuthi kudala sizwa imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Iminyaka ka-2015 kuya ku-2018 bekuyiminyaka emine eshisa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke selokhu kwaphawulwa isimo sezulu. Kuphinde kwaba neqhwa elincane lasolwandle e-Arctic eminyakeni yamuva nje kunamashumi eminyaka ambalwa edlule. Ehlobo lika-2019, amazinga okushisa amasha alinganiswa lapha.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi akekho owazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi izimo zezulu ezimbi kangaka zihlobene ngempela nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Bekulokhu kunesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi zizokwenzeka kaningi futhi ngokwedlulele kakhulu ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngakho cishe bonke ososayensi bayaqiniseka ukuthi sesiyizwa kakade imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuthi kuya ngesivinini. Bakunxusa ukuthi wenze ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uvimbele imiphumela emibi nakakhulu. Nokho, kusenabantu abakholelwa ukuthi ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu akukho.
Ungakwazi yini ukumisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu?
Yithina bantu kuphela esingamisa ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngoba nathi siyakubangela. Sikhuluma ngokuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu. Ziningi izindlela zokuvikela isimo sezulu.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ukukhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa ambalwa emkhathini. Okokuqala, kufanele sizame ukonga amandla amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Amandla esisawadinga kufanele ngokuyinhloko kube amandla avuselelekayo, ukukhiqizwa kwawo okungakhiqizi noma iyiphi i-carbon dioxide. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ungaqinisekisa futhi ukuthi kunamagesi abamba ukushisa ambalwa emvelweni. Ngokutshala izihlahla ezintsha noma ezinye izitshalo, kanye nangezindlela zobuchwepheshe, amagesi abamba ukushisa kufanele asuswe emkhathini.
Ngo-2015, amazwe emhlabeni jikelele anquma ukunciphisa ukufudumala kwezwe kuze kufike ku-2 degrees. Baze banquma ukuzama konke ukuze banciphise ingxenye yeziqu zabo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukufudumala cishe kwe-1 degree sekuvele kufinyelelwe, abantu kufanele bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze umgomo ufezeke.
Abantu abaningi, ikakhulukazi abantu abasha, bacabanga ukuthi osopolitiki benza okuncane kakhulu ukusindisa isimo sezulu. Bahlela imibukiso futhi bafuna ukuvikeleka okwengeziwe kwesimo sezulu. Le mibhikisho manje yenzeka emhlabeni wonke futhi ikakhulukazi ngoLwesihlanu. Bazibiza ngokuthi “Fridays for Future” ngesiNgisi. Lokho kusho ngesiJalimane: “NgoLwesihlanu ngekusasa.” Ababhikishi banombono wokuthi sonke sinekusasa kuphela uma sivikela isimo sezulu. Futhi ukuze kufinyelelwe lo mgomo, wonke umuntu kufanele acabange ukuthi yini angayenza ukuthuthukisa ukuvikelwa kwesimo sezulu.