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I-Beagle Dog Breed: Impilo Nezifo

Kudingeka nini ukuvakashela udokotela wezilwane?

Noma ubani obheka inja yakhe uzoqaphela ukungahambi kahle okuncane okungenzeka kakade kuwuphawu lokugula.

Ukuvakashela udokotela wezilwane akudingekile ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa uma ungaqiniseki, kungcono ukuvakashela udokotela wezilwane kanye kaningi kunokuncane kakhulu.

Ingabe ngidinga ukuyisa i-Beagle yami kudokotela wezilwane?

Okungavamile okukhethekile okungabonisa isifo kufaka phakathi, isibonelo:

  • ukukhathala
  • ukwanda kwesifiso sokuphuza
  • ukulahlekelwa ukudla
  • hlanza
  • isifo sohudo
  • Ukwanda kokuchama kungenzeka futhi negazi
  • ukuphuma emakhaleni noma amehlo anamanzi
  • ukunwaya indlebe njalo, ukunikina ikhanda, ukutshekisa ikhanda, kanye/noma ukuphuma kwezindlebe
  • ukushintsha koboya
  • ukuvuvukala kwesikhumba noma ukulunywa kwesikhumba
  • ukuzwela ubuhlungu
  • ukulimala buthuntu kanye namanxeba avulekile
  • ubunyonga

Ukugcina i-Beagle inempilo

I-Beagle idinga ukuzivocavoca okuningi nokuzivocavoca. Ngenxa yokuthi bajwayele ukudla kakhulu, ukuvivinya umzimba kugcina ibhele lingakhuluphali, okuvame ukuholela ekuguleni njengabantu.

Ukudla okunempilo nakho kubaluleke kakhulu ku-Beagle. Amavithamini anele kanye nezakhamzimba sekuvele kuqukethwe ekuphakeleni okuningi osekulungele.

Ukudla okukhethekile kusiza ezifweni ezithile, ukungabekezelelani kokudla, nokukhuluphala ngokweqile.

Ukuhlolwa kwezilwane okujwayelekile kuyadingeka ukuze kugcinwe impilo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugoma. Ukugoma ngokumelene ne-distemper, i-hepatitis, amarabi, i-leptospirosis, ne-parvovirus.

Wonke udokotela wezilwane uzokutshela izinsuku zokugoma eziqondile zokugoma kokuqala nokuphinda.

Ukuhlolwa kungenziwa ngokuqondile ngemigomo. Ngale ndlela, ezinye izifo zingabonwa futhi zelashwe kusenesikhathi.

Izimbangela nezinketho zokwelapha isifo sohudo

Isifo sohudo ngokuvamile siyisifo esithambile esingazibonakalisa ngokushesha ku-beagle ngokushintsha ukudla noma ukudla okungafanele.

Ezimweni ezimbalwa kuphela ukugula okubi okufanele kulindeleke ku-Beagle. Uchwepheshe usevele ekhuluma ngohudo lapho indle ikhombisa ukuthamba okuthambile kuya kuketshezi.

Ukuphuma kwamathumbu okungalawuleki nakho kuyenzeka. Ukutheleleka kwamagciwane okubangelwa ama-parasites noma amagciwane nakho kungadala isifo sohudo. Kulokhu, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuhambisana nezimpawu ezifana nokukhathala, ijazi elibuthuntu, nokuncipha kwesisindo.
Ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu okuzuzwa njengefa ngokuvamile akuthinti i-Beagle, kodwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kungabangela nokuthi i-Beagle izikhulule kabi.
Esimeni sohudo olubangelwa ushevu, igazi lingabonakala kaningi esitulweni.

Yelapha isifo sohudo

Ukwelashwa kuncike kakhulu ekuqineni nasekubangeleni isifo sohudo. Endabeni yohudo oluncane olungenayo imbangela eyingozi, ngokuvamile kwanele ukubeka i-beagle ekudleni izinsuku ezingu-2.

Lokhu kusho ukunikeza ukudla okulula ukugayeka, njengezinkukhu eziphekiwe nezingenamathambo nelayisi. Amanzi amaningi kufanele anikezwe inja ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amanzi ngenxa yohudo.

Imithi ye-herbal yohudo ingasetshenziswa njengoba kuyalelwe. Uma isifo sohudo singakathuthuki kakhulu ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, kufanele kuboniswane nodokotela ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi isimo asisibi kakhulu.

Uma i-beagle inohudo olunzima kakhulu nezinye izimpawu ezicacile zesifo, udokotela wezilwane kufanele abonane ngokushesha, kodwa kungakapheli amahora angu-24.

Phakamisa ukuhlanza ngenxa yezizathu ezingase zibe khona

Ama-Beagles ahlanza kaningi ngenxa yokuhahela ukudla. Lezi ngokuvamile izenzo zesikhathi esisodwa kuphela ngemva kokudla ama-beagle ngokuxhamazela. Uma i-beagle isahlanza njalo, kufanele kuboniswane nodokotela wezilwane ukuze kugwenywe ukugula noma ukukubona kusenesikhathi.

Uma kukhona ukugula okubi kakhulu, ezimweni eziningi izimpawu ezengeziwe sezivele zibonakale ngaphambi kokuhlanza. Ukukhathala, ukukhathala, ukuzwela ubuhlungu besisu esingenhla, nokulahlekelwa ukudla kungaba izimpawu zokuqala.
Ukugwinya izinto nakho kudala ukuhlanza. Ukuqothuka, ukukhwehlela, nokuklinywa yizimpawu ezijwayelekile.

Uma uhlanza ngokuphuma amagwebu emhlanzweni futhi ukhihlize amathe, ubuthi bungaba khona. Kulokhu, udokotela wezilwane oseduze kufanele athintwe ngokushesha (!).

Uma ukuhlanza kubangelwa ama-parasites noma amagciwane, lokhu kuzozibonakalisa njengokuqhubeka futhi ngeke kuthuthuke. Ukuhlanza kuzokhula kuze kucishe kucace futhi kube namanzi.
Ukuvuvukala kwesisu namathumbu, ukulimala esiswini, izifo zesisu ezifana nezilonda noma umdlavuza, noma isisu esisontekile (okuphuthumayo ngokuphelele!) kuvame kakhulu kuma-Beagles. Ukuwohloka kwesimo esijwayelekile kuzohambisana nokuhlanza. Ngakho-ke udokotela wezilwane kufanele athintwe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ezinye izimbangela zokuhlanza kwe-beagle zingabandakanya:

  • isifo sesibindi
  • isifo sikashukela mellitus
  • ukuvuvukala kwama-pancreas (i-pancreatitis)
  • isifo sofuba
  • ukungabekezelelani kokudla
  • izizathu ezingokwengqondo

Yelapha ukuhlanza enjeni noma uvakashele udokotela wezilwane?

Uma i-beagle ihlanza kuphela futhi zingekho ezinye izimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane, ukuphuma kwegwebu, noma isifo sohudo, i-beagle akufanele idliwe amahora angu-24. Nakuba amanzi engakhuthaza isicanucanu, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uphuza amanzi anele.
Uma inja isahlanza ngemva kwamahora angu-24, noma uma kuhlanzwa okucacayo nokunamanzi kakhulu, kufanele kukhulunywe nodokotela wezilwane.

Ngaphansi kwezimo akufanele kusetshenziswe imithi yemithi yabantu. Zingaba yingozi empilweni yezinja. Imithi yomuthi wezilwane enezithako ezisebenzayo njenge-chlorpromazine, droperidol, Dramamine, noma i-metoclopramide kufanele itholakale kuwo wonke amakhabethe emithi yezinja.
Uma kunemiphumela engemihle efana negazi noma ukukhihliza amathe, ukuvala umlomo ngokuqhubekayo, kanye nokunwaya intamo okungase kube khona, kufanele kukhulunywe nodokotela wezilwane ngokushesha.

Ukutheleleka kwezindlebe - okujwayelekile ku-Beagle

Ukutheleleka kwendlebe kungenye yezifo ezijwayelekile ze-beagle. Lokhu kungenxa yezindlebe ze-beagle ezithambile. Izimfihlo zingaqoqa lapha futhi ziholele ekuvuvukeni.

Ukungena kwemizimba yangaphandle nakho kungabangela isifo sezindlebe. Ukungena kwezindwani zotshani kanye nezinwele ezinde endlebeni ngokuvamile kuyimbangela yezifo ezindlebeni.
Ukungabekezelelani kokudla noma izidakamizwa kanye nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zokungezwani komzimba kungenza bazizwe ku-Beagle njengesifo sendlebe.

Futhi ngenxa yezindlebe ze-floppy, ama-parasites ku-canal yokuzwa azizwa ekhululekile ku-Beagle. Izibungu, isibonelo, zijabule kakhulu ukuba zingazalela lapho. Izimpawu zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokunwaya njalo.

Kodwa-ke, ukunwaya kungabhebhethekisa i-pinna noma kubangele amanxeba anegazi. Ukuvuvukala kwama-auricles kanye nokuba bomvu okwedlulele ngenxa yoshintsho lwesikhumba oluguquguqukayo kuyizimpawu zokuhlasela kwezibungu.

Ukwelashwa kwezifo ezindlebeni

Udokotela wezilwane kufanele athintwe uma kunesibonakaliso sokuqala sokutheleleka kwendlebe. Angakwazi ukunquma imbangela futhi asikisele indlela yokwelapha ephumelela kakhulu. Ukugeza ngesisombululo se-antiseptic ngokuvamile kufanele kwenziwe, futhi kukhishwe uketshezi kanye nesinqumelo.

Ama-anti-inflammatory agents, ama-antibiotics, noma ama-ointments anezithako ezisebenzayo ngokumelene nama-parasites, okuthiwa ama-insecticides, ajojowe emgodini wendlebe kuye ngokuthi imbangela nobukhulu bokutheleleka kwendlebe.
Ezigabeni zokuqala zokutheleleka kwendlebe, kungelashwa ngokushesha futhi kalula. Uma ukutheleleka kwezindlebe sekuvele kuthuthuke kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlanza kuphela ukuhlinzwa nokwelashwa kwendlebe ethintekile kusiza. Ngenxa yobuhlungu obuphezulu, inja egulayo ayikwazi neze ukusizwa nganoma iyiphi enye indlela.
Ukwelashwa kokulandelela ngokuvamile kungenziwa ngokuzimela ekhaya ngokuvumelana neziqondiso zodokotela wezilwane.

Izifo ezijwayelekile zofuzo ze-Beagles

QAPHELA Kubalulekile:

Ngisho noma sikhuluma ngezifo eziwufuzo ezijwayelekile, akumele ucabange ukuthi i-beagle yakho izozithola ngokuzenzakalelayo lezi zifo. Ama-Beagles amaningi afuywe ngokuzibophezela azophila impilo enempilo nejabulisayo.

I-Beagle ingase ibonise lokho okwaziwa njengokuziphatha kokuthimula okuhlanekezelwe. Umoya udonswa ngomlomo nangekhala, okwenza inja ibonakale iklinywa futhi ngenxa yalokho ihefuzela. Isizathu salokhu asaziwa. Noma ukwelashwa. Njengoba imbangela ingaziwa, akunakushiwo ngokuqiniseka ukuthi lesi sifo esivamile sofuzo se-Beagle.

Ama-Beagles athambekele ku-Hound Ataxia. I-Hound ataxia yisimo sezinzwa esithinta intambo yomgogodla. Izibonakalisa ngokuphazamiseka kokunyakaza, ukukhubazeka kwe-spastic, kanye nesikhumba esivinjelwe kanye ne-surface reflexes, okuyinto, noma kunjalo, ayinawo umphumela obuhlungu enja. Uma i-beagle igula, imithi enikezwe udokotela wezilwane kufanele ihlale ikhona uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo.

I-beagle iphinde ibonise izinguquko ezengeziwe kuma-intervertebral discs. I-Beagles ibonakala ine-disc ye-herniated.

Izifo zama-disc zingabangela ubuhlungu obukhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziholela ekukhubazekeni. Ukukhishwa kwembaza enezindebe eziluhlaza kungasetshenziswa njengesengezo sokuphakelayo ukusekela izicubu zoqwanga ezibuthakathaka. Lokhu kukhishwa kungasetshenziswa futhi ngendlela emangalisayo ngokuvimbela.

Kubalulekile ukugwema imithwalo esindayo. Ngokufanayo, i-Beagle kufanele ibe nesibalo sokugijima futhi ingafaki noma iyiphi i-padding eyengeziwe. Uma i-Beagle yakho isivele ikhuluphele, lokhu kufanele kwehliswe ngenxa yempilo.

Ama-Beagles angase athambekele ku-hypothyroidism, eyenza indlala yegilo engasebenzi.

Izimpawu ze-hypothyroidism:

  • Ukwandisa ukudla
  • Ukwanda kokuphuza
  • Izinkinga zejazi kanye/noma zesikhumba (ukulahlekelwa izinwele, isikhumba esomile, izifo)
  • Ukuphola kwesilonda kuphazamiseka
  • Ukushintshashintsha kohudo nokuqunjelwa
  • Ukuzwela emakhazeni

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inja ijabule kalula futhi ijwayele ukucindezeleka. Kungase kube nezinkinga zokugxilisa ingqondo noma umngane onemilenze emine akaphenduli. Ezinye izinja zibonakala zivilapha futhi zikhathele noma zingakhiqizi njengoba zazivame ukwenza.

Izinguquko ekuziphatheni kwezinja zingahlotshaniswa nezinkinga zegilo ngakho-ke kufanele zicaciswe udokotela wezilwane ngokuhlolwa kwegazi. Amathebulethi angasetshenziselwa ukwelapha futhi ngokuvamile abonisa imiphumela ngokushesha.

Ngokufanayo, i-Beagle ibonakala ijwayele ukubhekana nezimo zamehlo ngezikhathi ezithile njenge-glaucoma, i-corneal dystrophy, noma i-retinal atrophy.

Ukuphazamiseka kokusebenza komgudu we-lacrimal-nasal kubangela ukuthi ama-Beagles abe namehlo omile noma amanzi.

I-glaucoma, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-glaucoma, ibangela ukwanda kwengcindezi ye-intraocular. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho ukujikeleza kwe-aqueous humor kuphazamiseka. Kuyisimo seso esibi kakhulu futhi kubuhlungu kakhulu.

Izimpawu yilezi:

  • Amehlo acwebile
  • Ukucwayiza/cwayiza
  • Amehlo alubomvu
  • I-Cornea iba ne-milky-cloud
  • Ukuhlikihla iso phansi noma ngesidladla

Njengoba i-Beagle ingalahlekelwa umbono wayo futhi iphinde ibe buhlungu kakhulu, i-glaucoma kufanele ihlale ilashwa ngokushesha. Umfutho we-intraocular wehliswa ngemithi. Ama-painkillers nama-anti-inflammatories nawo asetshenziswa. Kwesinye isikhathi ukuhlinzwa kuyadingeka.

I-Corneal Dystrophy ingumphumela wokuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic okuholela ekufakweni kwemali noma ukufiphala kweso. Lokhu kungaholela ekulimaleni okubonakalayo okumaphakathi kuya kokubi kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, isifo esiwufuzo asidingi ukwelashwa. Ubuhlungu noma ukuvuvukala akuvamile kakhulu ngalesi sithombe somtholampilo.

Ku-hip dysplasia, isokhethi ye-hip noma intamo yesifazane ikhubazekile. I-Hip dysplasia iwufuzo olungalungile lokuhlangana kwe-hip. Ukucindezeleka ngokomzimba nokudla okungalungile kungakhuthaza ukukhula noma ukuqhubeka kwalesi sifo!

Isifo seLafora eBeagles

I-Lafora iyisici sofuzo esibangelwa isifo sokuwa esiqhubekayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isimo siba sobala kakhulu njengeminyaka eyodwa. Izithuthwane nazo ziba namandla futhi zenzeke kaningi. Ukuguqulwa kofuzo lwe-NHLRC1 (ephinde ibizwe ngokuthi i-EPM2B) ibophezele ekufakweni kwe-neurotoxic (okuthiwa imizimba ye-Lafora) egcinwa ebuchosheni nasesistimu yezinzwa. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kufakwa kuyatholakala nakwezinye izitho.

Izimpawu ze-Lafora:

  • Ubumpumputhe / ukungaboni kahle
  • Ukudumala
  • Ukudlidliza kwemisipha
  • Ukunyakazisa (ikakhulukazi indawo yekhanda)
  • Ukuziphatha okunolaka/ukuba sengozini yengcindezi
  • I-Incontinence (njengoba isifundo siqhubeka)
  • Ukucwayiza njalo
  • I-Dementia
  • Ukuwa / ukulala phansi
  • Izinkinga zokuxhumanisa

I-stimuli yangaphandle ebonakalayo noma yokuzwa (ukukhanya okukhanyayo, ukunyakaza okusheshayo, umsindo omkhulu, njll.) kungabangela ukubanjwa. I-beagle ihlala iphaphame ngokuphelele.

Ngaphezu kwezimpawu ezisohlwini, ezikhuluma ngesifo i-Lafora, ukuhlolwa kofuzo kungafakazela ukuxilongwa ngokuthembekile. Ngale njongo, isampula legazi le-EDTA liyahlolwa. Ngaphandle kwe-Beagle, i-Dachshunds kanye ne-Basset Hounds nazo zithinteka yisifo se-Lafora. Kodwa-ke, lesi sifo sivame ukuba yingozi kakhulu ku-beagle.

Lesi sifo ngokuvamile asiveli kuze kube yiminyaka engu-6 noma engu-7 futhi singanciphisa isikhathi sokuphila. Ngeshwa, i-Lafora ayikwazi ukuphulukiswa. Izinga lempilo yezinja ngezinye izikhathi liwohloka ngokushesha ngemva kokuvela kwezimpawu zokuqala. Izinja kuphela ezithole isakhi sofuzo esiguquliwe kubo bobabili abazali ezigulayo. Inja enofuzo olulodwa kuphela oluguquliwe ihlala ingenazo izimpawu kodwa ingadlulisela lesi sifo.

Ubuthi - Isimo esiphuthumayo ngokuphelele

Ubuthi bungakhula kancane kancane. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokudla izinto eziyingozi isikhathi eside. Lokhu kungase futhi kube ukudla okungafanelekile (bheka umsoco we-beagle).

Nakuba obunye ubuthi buba nomphumela osheshayo, abanye baba nokubambezeleka kwezimpawu. Kunjalo, ngokwesibonelo, ngoshevu wamagundane, ngeshwa nawo uvame ukusetshenziswa kanye nezithiyo ezinobuthi obesabekayo. Izimpawu zokungenwa ushevu zingavela ngisho nangemva kwezinsuku ezidliwe.

Izimpawu ezilandelayo zingase, kodwa akudingekile ukuthi zibonise ubuthi. Ezinye izifo nazo zingenzeka ngalezi zimpawu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba umzuzwana ngamunye ubalulekile lapho i-Beagle yakho idle okuthile okuyingozi, kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi uthintane nodokotela wezilwane ngokushesha uma kukhona okusolayo. Phela, izimpawu eziningi zenzeka ngokuhlanganyela.

Izimpawu zobuthi:

  • igazi endleni
  • isifo sohudo
  • hlanza
  • ukugwinya amathe
  • igazi noma igwebu emhlanzweni
  • igazi emchameni
  • aspen
  • ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa
  • ama-cramps
  • "i-cat hump"
  • abafundi abanciphile noma abavuleke kakhulu
  • ukungazi
  • izinkinga zokujikeleza kwegazi (izinsini ezimhlophe/umucosa womlomo!)
  • ukukhubazeka
  • ukungahlaliseki okuqinile
  • isimo esibuthakathaka kakhulu
  • ukunganakwa
  • izinkinga zokuphefumula
  • ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile kakhulu

Kodwa akukhona nje ukuthi izilobo ezinobuthi ziyingozi enja. Ziningi izinto ekhaya ezingaba yingozi kubhejane. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, isibonelo, izinto zokuhlanza, umanyolo, imithi, ugwayi, utshwala, ukudla okungafanelekile, nokunye okuningi.

Okufanele ukwenze uma kwenzeka ubuthi

  • Zola ungathuki.
  • Thatha inja ngokushesha (!) esibhedlela sezilwane noma kudokotela wezilwane.
  • Ungabangeli ukuhlanza.
  • Ungafaki iluphu ye-muzzle ku-beagle yakho.
  • Uma kungenzeka, cosha enye into emunyisiwe/edliwe (gqoka amagilavu ​​noma uqoqe njengendle!)
  • Indle eqoqiwe, umchamo, noma ukuhlanza kunganikeza ulwazi mayelana nobuthi endaweni yokucwaninga yezilwane.
  • Uma kungenzeka, bopha i-beagle ngengubo futhi uyigcine ifudumele lapho ihamba.
  • Uma ubuthi bumuncwe yinja ngomgudu wamathumbu, amaphilisi amalahle angasetshenziswa njengendlela yosizo lokuqala (buza udokotela wezilwane mayelana nomthamo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke isimo esiphuthumayo).

Isifuba somuthi wenja

Ikhabethe lemithi yenja libaluleke kakhulu ukuba nalo njengoba linjalo kubantu. Yize abantu bazi ukuthi ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ezimeni eziphuthumayo kuvikelwa ubusuku nemini izibhedlela nodokotela bezimo eziphuthumayo, odokotela bezilwane abatholakali ngempela ngaphandle kwamahora okuvula okuzijwayeza. Kungakho kuhle uma kunomtholampilo wezilwane wamahora angama-24 eduze. Noma thola ukuthi yimuphi udokotela wezilwane osemsebenzini wezimo eziphuthumayo.

Ngakho-ke, isifuba somuthi siyisici esibalulekile sokukwazi ukunikeza usizo lokuqala ngokushesha esimweni esiphuthumayo. Noma ingabe inja ngokuzumayo ithola isifo sohudo, ibonise ubuhlungu besisu, noma ukuhlanza?

Isifuba somuthi esigcwele kahle siyasiza lapha ekwelashweni kokuqala, sisusa ubuhlungu enja, futhi siyenze ibe ngcono. Kuwo wonke amakhabethe emithi yezinja, izinto ezihlukahlukene kufanele nakanjani zibe khona.

Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • i-flashlight
  • ingubo efudumele
  • izinga lokushisa lomtholampilo
  • vaseline ukugcoba i-thermometer yasemtholampilo
  • izindwangu zamanxeba, amaphedi e-gauze oyinyumba, uvolo kakotini, amabhandeshi e-gauze, nokuzinamathisela, nokunwebeka
  • amabhandeshi kanye ne-adhesive tape
  • ama-tweezers, ama-bandage scissors
  • amasirinji epulasitiki apakishwe oyinyumba okudoswa kwezidakamizwa noma ukumuncwa
  • amagilavu ​​alahlwayo

Njengomphakeli wezokwelashwa wezimo eziphuthumayo, sincoma i-assortment yalokhu:

  • isibulala magciwane amafutha esilonda
  • I-tincture ye-iodine yokuhlanza amagciwane
  • isixazululo sokugeza amehlo kanye namafutha okugcoba amehlo
  • i-hemostatic powder yamanxeba amancane
  • insipho ye-antiseptic
  • imishanguzo ye-cortisone yezinja ezingezwani nezinja njengoba eyalelwe udokotela wezilwane
  • ama-diazepam suppositories ezinja ezinesifo sokuwa njengoba eyalelwa udokotela wezilwane
  • imithi ye-herbal yohudo
  • imithi elwa nokuhlanza enqunywe udokotela wezilwane
UMary Allen

Ibhalwe ngu UMary Allen

Sawubona, nginguMary! Nginakekele izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezifuywayo ezihlanganisa izinja, amakati, ama-Guinea pig, izinhlanzi, nodrako onentshebe. Ngiphinde nginezilwane ezifuywayo eziyishumi okwami ​​okwamanje. Ngibhale izihloko eziningi kulesi sikhala ezihlanganisa indlela yokwenza, izindatshana zolwazi, imihlahlandlela yokunakekela, imihlahlandlela yohlobo, nokunye.

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