UMary Allen
I-axolotl ayibukeki nje inhle futhi ingajwayelekile; intulo yaseMexico nayo inamakhono ahehayo: ingaphindaphinda izitho ngisho nezingxenye zomgogodla esikhathini esingamaviki.
I-Axolotl – intulo yaseMexico ehlala ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwayo emanzini. Uyisidalwa esiyinqaba esingakwazi ukuhlukaniswa ngokubuka ngokushesha. Endaweni ethile phakathi kwe-newt, intulo, ne-tadpole. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ihlala isesigabeni sezibungu impilo yayo yonke kodwa isavuthwa ngokocansi. Ibizwa nge-neoteny.
I-axolotl ikhula ibe ngamasentimitha angama-25 ngosayizi futhi ifinyelele eminyakeni engama-25. I-amphibian ikhona cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-350, kodwa ngamanani amancane kuphela: manje kunezibonelo eziningi kakhulu ezihlala ezindaweni zokucwaninga kunasendle.
Ingakanani impilo ye-axolotl?
Isikhathi sokuphila ngokwesilinganiso - iminyaka eyi-10-15. Umbala nezici - izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezaziwayo zombala, ezihlanganisa nsundu, emnyama, i-albino, empunga, nepinki ephaphathekile; iziqu zegill zangaphandle kanye ne-caudal dorsal fin ngenxa ye-neoteny. Abantu basendle - 700-1,200 cishe.
Ama-axolotl afika iminyaka emingaki ku-aquarium?
Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila ephakathi kweminyaka eyi-15. Izilwane ziyaziwa ngisho ukuthi sezifinyelele eminyakeni yobudala engu-Methusela engu-25. Ubuncane beminyaka buphakathi kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili kuya kweyishumi.
Ingabe ama-axolotl angaphila iminyaka eyi-100?
Ama-Axolotl ngokuvamile ahlala iminyaka eyi-10-15 ekuthunjweni, kodwa angaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 lapho enakekelwa kahle. I-axolotl endala kakhulu ayaziwa kodwa iminyaka yayo ingabamangaza njengoba iba izilwane ezifuywayo ezivame kakhulu njengoba ezinye izinhlobo ze-salamander zinesikhathi eside sokuphila (okuningi kulokho ngezansi!)
I-Axolotl: i-monster yasemanzini enamagobolondo
Igama elithi "axolotl" livela kuma-Aztec futhi lisho into efana "nenunu yamanzi". Isilwane, esingaba amasentimitha angu-25 ubude, senza umbono onokuthula. Kwesokunxele nakwesokudla sentamo kukhona ama-appendages, okuthi kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane agqanyiswe ngombala futhi abukeke njengezihlahla ezincane.
Imilenze ye-axolotl kanye nomgogodla kungakhula kabusha
Futhi kukhona okunye okwenza isilwane esikhethekile: uma silahlekelwa umlenze, sivele sikhule phakathi namasonto ambalwa. Ingakwazi futhi ukuvuselela ngokuphelele izingxenye zomgogodla kanye nezicubu ze-retina ezilimele. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani i-axolotl ingaphinda ikhule izitho zonke ziphelele ngamathambo, imisipha nezinzwa. Kodwa ososayensi bebelokhu besendleleni isikhathi eside futhi sebevele bacacisa lonke ulwazi lofuzo lwe-axolotl.
I-DNA ephindwe kashumi kunabantu
Lonke ulwazi lofuzo lwe-axolotl luqukethe ama-base pairs ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-32 ngakho-ke ubukhulu obuphindwe kashumi be-genome yomuntu. Ngakho-ke i-genome ye-amphibian iyigenome enkulu kunazo zonke esiye yachazwa kuze kube manje. Iqembu eliholwa umcwaningi u-Elly Tanaka waseVienna, e-Heidelberg nase-Dresden lathola izakhi zofuzo ezimbalwa ezenzeka kuphela ku-axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala emanzini. Lezi zakhi zofuzo ziyasebenza kuzicubu ezivuselelayo.
"Manje sesinemephu yofuzo esandleni esingayisebenzisa ukutadisha ukuthi izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi - imilenze, isibonelo - zingakhula kanjani futhi."
U-Sergei Nowoshilov, umbhali-kanye walolu cwaningo, olushicilelwe kumagazini othi 'Nature' ngoJanuwari 2018.
I-axolotl genome yonke ishintshiwe
Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo, i-axolotl ibilokhu icwaningwa cishe iminyaka eyi-150. Enye yamakholoni amakhulu e-axolotl inakekelwa e-Molecular Pathology Laboratory eVienna. Abacwaningi abangaphezu kuka-200 benza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo lwe-biomedical kulesi sikhungo.
Izakhi zofuzo ze-axolotl zidlala indima ebalulekile
Ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PacBio ukukhomba ubude be-genome, i-axolotl genome yachazwa ngokuphelele. Kwaqashelwa ukuthi isakhi sofuzo esibalulekile nesisabalele - "PAX3" - sishoda ngokuphelele ku-axolotl. Umsebenzi wayo uthathwa isakhi sofuzo esihlobene esibizwa ngokuthi “PAX7”. Zombili izakhi zofuzo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekukhuleni kwemisipha nezinzwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isicelo esinjalo kufanele senzelwe abantu.
Cishe awekho ama-axolotl asele endle
Ukulinganisa ukuthi mangaki ama-axolotl asele endle kunzima - abanye abacwaningi babeka inombolo cishe ku-2,300, kodwa ingaba mbalwa kakhulu. Izilinganiso zango-2009 zibeka amakhophi phakathi kuka-700 no-1,200 kuphela. Lokhu kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukungcoliswa okukhulu kwendawo ehlala izilwane eMexico, njengoba zithanda ukuhlala ezimisweni zendle lapho udoti wethu ulahlwa khona. Kodwa futhi ezinhlotsheni zezinhlanzi ezifika kwamanye amazwe ezethulwa ukuthuthukisa ukuhlinzekwa kwamaprotheni kubantu. Ngenkathi i-carp ehleliwe ithanda ukuhlanza amaqanda, ama-cichlids ahlasela ama-axolotl amancane.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ze-Axolotl kuyehla kulebhu
Izibonelo zokugcina zihlala eLake Xochimilco nakwamanye amachibi amancane asentshonalanga yeDolobha laseMexico. I-axolotl ibithathwa njengesengcupheni yokushabalala kusukela ngo-2006. Iningi, izibonelo eziningi manje zihlala ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini, ezindaweni zokucwaninga, nasezikhungweni zokuzalanisa kunasendle. Ezinye zize zikhuliselwe izindawo zokudlela e-Japan. Ezinye ziyaqhubeka zisetshenziselwa ucwaningo. I-gene pool iyancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngoba izinhlobo zivame ukuhlanganiswa nazo ngokwazo. Akwaziwa ukuthi ama-axolotl okuzalanisa asenazo yini izici ezifanayo nezihlobo zawo emvelweni.
Ukugcina i-axolotl ku-aquarium
EMexico, izwe lakubo, i-axolotl ithandwa kakhulu njengesilwane esifuywayo, esicishe sihlonishwe. Noma ubani ofuna ukuletha ama-amphibians amancane ezindongeni zawo ezine angenza kanjalo kalula ngoba aqinile futhi amelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani namanye ama-salamanders, adinga kuphela i-aquarium futhi akukho "ingxenye yomhlaba". Zonke zivela enzalweni, ukuzithatha endle kwenqatshelwe ngokuphelele. Bathanda izinga lokushisa lamanzi elingu-15 kuya ku-21 degrees Celsius, ngezinye izikhathi libanda. Bese belulama kangcono ezifweni. Uma ufuna ukuwagcina ehlangene namanye ama-axolotl, kungcono kakhulu ngama-conspecifics anosayizi ofanayo. Zidla ikakhulukazi ukudla okuphilayo njengezinhlanzi ezincane, iminenke, noma izinkalankala ezincane.