Nhanganyaya: Chii chinonzi Vertebrates?

Vertebrates imhuka dzine musana kana musana wemusana, unoumbwa nenhevedzano yemapfupa madiki anonzi vertebrae. Uyu musana unopa tsigiro kumuviri uye unodzivirira musana, inova nzira huru yetsinga dzetsinga pakati pehuropi nemuviri wese. Vertebrates ndeimwe yemapoka makuru emhuka uye anowanikwa munzvimbo dzinenge dzese dzePasi, kubva kumakungwa akadzika kusvika kumakomo marefu.

Hunhu hweVertebrates

MaVertebrates anogovana maitiro akati wandei anoasiyanisa kubva kune invertebrates, senge uropi hwakanyatsokura uye tsinga system, yakavharika circulatory system, uye yakaoma kugaya system. Vane zvakare symmetry yemativi maviri, zvinoreva kuti muviri wavo wakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zviviri zvakaenzana, uye musoro wakanyatsotsanangurwa une nhengo dzinonzwa dzakaita semeso, nzeve, nemhino. Mhuka dzakawanda dzine mapfupa emuzongoza dzinewo marangwanda akagadzirwa nemapfupa kana kuti shwashwa, anotsigira muviri uye anodzivirira nhengo dzinokosha. Pakupedzisira, mhuka dzose dzine mapfupa emuzongoza dzinoberekana pabonde, uye kuberekesa kwemukati kunova muitiro kumarudzi mazhinji.

Kurongwa kweVertebrates

Vertebrates yakakamurwa kuita mapoka makuru mashanu kana makirasi, zvichibva panhoroondo yavo yekushanduka-shanduka uye maitiro eanatomical. Aya makirasi ihove, amphibians, zvinokambaira, shiri, uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Kirasi yega yega inopatsanurwazve kuita mapoka madiki, zvichienderana nehunhu hwavo chaihwo uye kuchinjika kune kwakasiyana nharaunda. Pasinei nekusiyana kwavo, mhuka dzese dzine vertebrates dzinogovana madzitateguru akafanana uye dzine hukama kuburikidza nenhoroondo refu yekushanduka-shanduka.

Hove: The First Vertebrates

Hove ndidzo dzekutanga vertebrates kushanduka, makore anopfuura 500 miriyoni apfuura. Iwo iboka rakasiyana-siyana remhuka dzinobva kudiki guppies kusvika kune hofori whale shark. Hove dzinogadziriswa kuti dzigare mumvura uye dzine magill, ayo anobvisa oxygen kubva mumvura, panzvimbo yemapapu. Ivo zvakare vane muviri wakareruka uye zvimbi, izvo zvinovatendera kushambira zvakanaka. Hove inzvimbo yakakosha yekudya kwevanhu uye inokosheswawo nekunaka kwadzo mumakungwa.

Amphibians: Yekutanga Terrestrial Vertebrates

Amphibians ndiwo ekutanga vertebrates kutora nyika, makore angangoita 360 miriyoni apfuura. Zvinosanganisira matatya, matatya, salamanders, uye caecilians. Amphibians inoratidzirwa neganda ravo nyoro, ravanoshandisa kuchinjana gasi, uye kugona kufema kuburikidza neganda ravo nemapapu. Vanewo mararamiro akasiyana-siyana, ane mhando dzakawanda dzinokandira mazai mumvura uye dzichiita metamorphosis kuti dzive vanhu vakuru. Amphibians zviratidzo zvakakosha zvehutano hwezvakatipoteredza uye dzinotyisidzirwa nekurasikirwa kwekugara uye kusvibiswa.

Zvinokambaira: Vokutanga Amniotes

Zvinokambaira ndizvo zvekutanga amniotes, boka remhuka dzinokandira mazai panyika, makore angangoita 320 miriyoni apfuura. Dzinosanganisira nyoka, madzvinyu, kamba, makarwe, nemamwe marudzi akawanda. Zvinokambaira zvinogadziriswa kuti zvigare munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumagwenga kusvika kumasango anonaya mvura, uye zvine maitiro akawanda anobvumira kuchengetedza mvura uye kushivirira kupisa. Vanewo zvikero kana ndiro dzinodzivirira ganda ravo uye kuderedza kurasikirwa kwemvura. Zvinokambaira akakosha zvikara uye anodya munzvimbo zhinji dzezvipenyu uye anokosheswawo nematehwe, nyama, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Shiri: The Feathered Vertebrates

Shiri iboka remhuka dzine vertebrate dzakashanduka kubva kune zvinokambaira makore 150 miriyoni apfuura. Izvo zvinoratidzwa neminhenga yadzo, iyo yakagadziridzwa zviyero, uye kugona kwavo kubhururuka. Shiri dzinogadziriswa kuti dzigare munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumakungwa kusvika kumagwenga, uye dzine magadzirirwo akati wandei anodzibvumira kudzora tembiricha yemuviri wavo uye kuchengetedza simba. Vanewo tsinga dzakasimukira zvikuru uye dziri pakati pemhuka dzakangwara zvikuru. Shiri dzinotakura mukume dzakakosha, vaparadzi vembeu, uye zvikara munzvimbo zhinji dzezvipenyu, uye dzinokosheswawo nyama, mazai, neminhenga.

Mhuka: Iwo Akanyanya Kupfuura Vertebrates

Mhuka dzinoyamwisa ndidzo mhuka dzepamusoro-soro uye dzinosanganisira anopfuura zviuru zvishanu zvemarudzi, kubva kune tudiki shrew kusvika kune hofori whales. Idzo dzinoonekwa nebvudzi kana kuti makushe, izvo zvinodzibatsira kudzora tembiricha yemuviri wadzo, uye kugona kwadzo kugadzira mukaka kuti dzipe vana vadzo. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinogadziriswa kuti dzigare munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, kubva kunzvimbo dzinotonhora dzepolar kusvika kumagwenga anopisa, uye dzine magadzirirwo akati wandei anodzibvumidza kuvhima, kutiza zvikara, uye kutaurirana. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa zvinhu zvakakosha zvezvipenyu zvakawanda uye dzinokosheswawo nyama yadzo, mukaka, makushe, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Invertebrates: Mhuka Dzisina Musana

Invertebrates imhuka dzisina musana kana musana. Ndiwo mapoka akasiyana-siyana uye akawanda emhuka uye anosanganisira pamusoro pe95% yemarudzi ese anozivikanwa emhuka. Invertebrates inowanikwa munzvimbo dzinenge dzese paPasi uye dzine huwandu hwakasiyana hwekuchinja kune dzakasiyana siyana. Zvinosanganisira zvipembenene, dandemutande, crustaceans, mollusks, uye mamwe mapoka akawanda. Invertebrates akakosha mapollinator, decomposers, zvikara, uye mhuka mune dzakawanda ecosystem, uye zvakare anokosheswa nekudya, mishonga, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Kushanduka kweVertebrates

Kushanduka kwemavertebrates inzira yakaoma uye inonakidza inosanganisira shanduko huru dzakati wandei, sekushanduka kweshaya, mitezo, uye mazai amniotic. Vertebrates yakave nekushanduka kwakasiyana-siyana kune nharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana, kubva kumakungwa akadzika kusvika kumakomo akakwirira, uye yakaita basa rinokosha mukuumba kusiyana uye kuoma kwehupenyu hwePasi. Kunzwisisa nhoroondo yekushanduka-shanduka kwemhuka dzine vertebrate kunogona kutibatsira kunzwisisa kubatana kwezvinhu zvipenyu zvose uye kunaka uye kushamisa kwezvisikwa.

Kukosha kweVertebrates muEcosystem

Vertebrates inoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza kuenzana nekushanda kwezvipenyu, sezvo zvichibatanidzwa mune akati wandei maitiro ezvipenyu zvakadai sekukurisa, kuparadzira mbeu, herbivory, predation, uye kuora. Izvo zvinoshandawo sezviratidzo zvehutano hwezvakatipoteredza uye zvinowanzo shandiswa semhando dzemhando dzekuchengetedza kuchengetedza. Kurasika kwemhuka dzemusango nekuda kwekuparadzwa kwenzvimbo, kusvibiswa kwemamiriro ekunze, kuredza hove, uye kuvhima kunogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakakura mukugadzikana uye kusimba kwezvipenyu uye pakurarama kwevanhu.

Mhedziso: Kusiyana-siyana kweVertebrates

Vertebrates iboka rakasiyana-siyana uye rinonakidza remhuka dzakashanduka kwemamiriyoni emakore kuti dzigare munzvimbo dzinenge dzese dzePasi. Vanogovana hunhu hwakati wandei hunovasiyanisa kubva kune invertebrates, senge musana, uropi hwakakura zvakanaka, uye yakaoma digestive system. Vertebrates yakakamurwa kuita mapoka makuru mashanu kana makirasi, rimwe nerimwe riine maitiro aro akasiyana uye maitiro. Kunzwisisa kusiyana uye kukosha kwemhuka dzine vertebrate kunogona kutibatsira kukoshesa kunaka uye kuoma kwehupenyu hwePasi uye kutikurudzira kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza idzi mhuka dzinoshamisa.