Mary Allen
Salamanders yog amphibians. Lawv muaj lub cev zoo ib yam li lizards lossis crocodiles me tab sis tsis cuam tshuam nrog lawv. Lawv muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov tshiab thiab qav.
Tag nrho cov salamanders muaj lub cev elongated nrog tus Tsov tus tw thiab liab qab daim tawv nqaij. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib feem ntawm lub cev yuav loj hlob rov qab yog tias nws raug tom, piv txwv li. Salamanders tsis nteg qe zoo li lwm cov amphibians, tab sis yug me nyuam los yog tseem hluas.
Cov salamanders txawv heev ntawm lawv tus kheej. Tus Japanese loj salamander nyob mus ib txhis hauv dej. Nws loj hlob ib thiab ib nrab meters ntev thiab hnyav txog li 20 kilograms. Ob hom tseem ceeb nyob hauv Europe: hluav taws salamander thiab alpine salamander.
Qhov hluav taws kub salamander nyob li cas?
Cov hluav taws salamander nyob yuav luag thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Nws yog hais txog 20 cm ntev thiab hnyav 50 grams. Qhov ntawd yog ntau npaum li ib nrab bar ntawm chocolate. Nws daim tawv nqaij yog du thiab dub. Nws muaj xim daj ntawm nws sab nraub qaum, uas tuaj yeem ua kom pom me ntsis txiv kab ntxwv. Thaum nws loj tuaj, nws plam nws daim tawv nqaij ntau zaus zoo li nab.
Cov hluav taws salamander nyiam nyob hauv hav zoov loj nrog cov ntoo deciduous thiab coniferous. Nws nyiam nyob ze cov kwj deg. Nws nyiam cov dej noo thiab yog li ntawd feem ntau tawm hauv huab cua los nag thiab hmo ntuj. Thaum nruab hnub nws feem ntau nkaum hauv cov pob zeb, hauv qab tsob ntoo hauv paus, lossis hauv qab ntoo tuag.
Hluav taws salamanders tsis nteg qe. Tom qab fertilization los ntawm cov txiv neej, me me larvae tsim nyob rau hauv lub plab ntawm poj niam. Thaum lawv loj txaus, tus poj niam yug tau txog 30 tus me me, hauv dej. Zoo li ntses, larvae ua pa nrog gills. Lawv muaj kev ywj pheej tam sim ntawd thiab loj hlob mus rau cov tsiaj laus.
Hluav taws salamanders nyiam noj beetles, qwj yam tsis muaj plhaub, kab hauv av, tab sis kuj kab laug sab, thiab kab. Cov hluav taws salamander tiv thaiv nws tus kheej tawm tsam nws cov yeeb ncuab nrog nws cov xim daj. Tab sis nws kuj nqa tshuaj lom rau ntawm nws daim tawv nqaij uas tiv thaiv nws. Qhov kev tiv thaiv no zoo heev uas cov hluav taws kub hnyiab tsis tshua muaj kev tawm tsam.
Txawm li cas los xij, hluav taws salamanders raug tiv thaiv. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tuag hauv lub tsheb log lossis vim lawv tsis tuaj yeem nce curbs. Tib neeg tseem tab tom tshem tawm ntau qhov chaw nyob los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov hav zoov sib xyaw ua ke rau hauv hav zoov nrog ib thiab tib hom ntoo. Larvae tsis tuaj yeem tsim hauv cov kwj deg uas ntws ntawm phab ntsa.
Lub alpine salamander nyob li cas?
Lub alpine salamander nyob hauv toj siab ntawm Switzerland, Ltalis, thiab Austria mus rau Balkans. Nws loj hlob txog 15 centimeters ntev. Nws daim tawv nqaij yog du, sib sib zog nqus dub saum toj no, thiab me ntsis greyer nyob rau sab ventral.
Lub alpine salamander nyob hauv thaj chaw uas muaj tsawg kawg yog 800 meters saum toj no hiav txwv theem thiab ua rau nws mus txog qhov siab ntawm 2,800 meters. Nws nyiam hav zoov nrog deciduous thiab coniferous ntoo. Siab dua, nws nyob hauv cov av ntub dej alpine meadows, hauv qab tsob ntoo, thiab ntawm qhov chaw slopes. Nws nyiam cov dej noo thiab yog li ntawd feem ntau tawm hauv huab cua los nag thiab hmo ntuj. Thaum nruab hnub nws feem ntau nkaum hauv cov pob zeb, hauv qab tsob ntoo hauv paus, lossis hauv qab ntoo tuag.
Alpine salamanders tsis nteg qe. Tom qab fertilization los ntawm tus txiv neej, larvae tsim nyob rau hauv lub plab ntawm tus poj niam. Lawv pub rau lub yolk thiab ua pa los ntawm gills. Txawm li cas los xij, cov gills pib rov qab hauv plab. Qhov ntawd yuav siv sijhawm ob mus rau peb xyoos. Thaum yug los, cov xeeb ntxwv twb txog plaub centimeters siab thiab ua pa thiab noj ntawm nws tus kheej. Alpine salamanders yug ib leeg los yog menyuam ntxaib.
Alpine salamanders kuj nyiam noj beetles, qwj yam tsis muaj lub plhaub, kab hauv av, kab laug sab, thiab kab. Alpine salamanders tsuas yog qee zaum noj los ntawm roob jackdaws lossis magpies. Lawv kuj nqa tshuaj lom rau ntawm lawv daim tawv nqaij uas tiv thaiv lawv los ntawm kev tawm tsam.
Alpine salamanders tsis muaj kev phom sij tab sis tseem muaj kev tiv thaiv. Txij li thaum lawv siv sij hawm ntev heev los yug me nyuam thiab tom qab ntawd tsuas yog yug me nyuam ib los yog ob tug me nyuam yaus xwb, lawv tsis tuaj yeem tsim tau sai heev. Lawv twb tau poob ntau qhov chaw nyob vim yog kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev roob thiab cov dej ntws.