Mary Allen
Peb feem ntau xav li cas "tib neeg" dev tuaj yeem ua tau. Lawv saib peb li cas, cov cwj pwm uas lawv koom nrog, cov suab lawv ua. Tab sis qhov tseeb yog, nws tsis yog peb txoj kev xav xwb. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias tsiaj txhu hnov ntau yam kev xav uas tib neeg ua, tab sis lawv feem ntau sib txuas lus hauv txoj kev peb tsis nkag siab.
Coj luag ua piv txwv. Thaum xyoo 2000s, tus kws paub txog kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab tus cwj pwm tsiaj tus kws tshaj lij Patricia Simonet tau tshawb fawb txog kev hais lus ntawm cov dev. Tom qab ntawd nws pom tias dev tuaj yeem luag. Thaum ua si thiab thaum dev zoo siab, lawv txoj kev xav tuaj yeem qhia tau plaub yam sib txawv; lawv tawv, lawv khawb, lawv qw thiab lawv ua ib qho exhalation (zoo ib yam li aub luag).
Yog li nws puas muaj tseeb tias dev tuaj yeem luag? Thaum Simonets thiab lwm tus kws tshawb fawb ua qhov teeb meem nyuaj txog seb qee qhov tawv nqaij puas tuaj yeem hu ua "lwm", nws tseem yog ib qho teeb meem uas tau sib cav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog tsiaj txhu. "Tau lees paub, cov kws tshawb fawb Konrad Lorenz thiab Patricia Simonet tau lees tias dev tuaj yeem luag," Dr. Liz Stelow, tus kws tshaj lij tus cwj pwm ntawm UC Davis Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Veterinary Medicine hais. “Kuv tsis paub meej tias kuv tuaj yeem lees paub lossis tsis lees paub tias qhov no tshwm sim tiag tiag. Txawm hais tias Simonet txoj kev tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias lub suab cuam tshuam li cas los ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm tus dev hom. ”
Dr. Marc Bekoff, tus kws tshaj lij dev thiab tus kws tshaj lij ntawm ecology thiab evolutionary biology ntawm University of Colorado, kuj tau ceev faj los ntawm kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam no. "Yog lawm, muaj lub suab, uas ntau tus hu luag," nws piav qhia. "Kuv xav tias peb yuav tsum ceev faj, tab sis kuv tsis xav tias tsis muaj laj thawj hais tias dev tsis ua qhov peb tuaj yeem hu ua qhov sib npaug lossis lub suab luag."
Kev soj ntsuam ntawm "kev zoo siab" hauv dev
Yuav kom nkag siab zoo dua "dab luag", peb yuav tsum xub xav txog lub tswv yim ntawm tus dev "kev zoo siab". Peb yuav ua li cas thiaj paub yog tus dev zoo siab - thiab peb puas tuaj yeem paub tiag? "Qhov tseem ceeb yog saib tus dev lub cev lus thiab nws coj li cas," Stelow piav qhia. "Kev so lub cev lus qhia tau hais tias kev cog lus thiab 'dhia' lub cev lus qhia tau hais tias kev zoo siab rau cov dev feem ntau," nws hais. Tab sis "kev zoo siab" tsis tshua siv los ua ib qho kev piav qhia txog kev puas siab puas ntsws, vim tias nws yog anthropomorphic [lub ntsiab lus nws ua rau tib neeg zoo rau cov tsis yog tib neeg]. ”
Bekoff thiab Stelow taw qhia tias yog tus dev ua ib yam dab tsi yeem (tsis raug yuam los yog muab nqi zog), peb tuaj yeem xav tias qhov kev ua si nyiam nws. Yog tias tus dev yeem koom nrog kev ua si lossis pw ntawm koj ntawm lub rooj zaum, ua raws li nws lub cev lus. Puas yog nws tus Tsov tus tw nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw nruab nrab lossis tig mus rau sab xis? (Kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias "txoj cai wag" cuam tshuam nrog "zoo siab dua" cov xwm txheej.) Puas yog pob ntseg los yog so kom zoo dua li tsis muaj lub taub hau? Txawm hais tias peb tsis tuaj yeem paub tseeb 100 feem pua, peb cov kws tshaj lij tau sau tseg tias cov cim no qhia tau tias muaj kev zoo siab.
Tus dev luag
Koj tus dev zoo siab qee zaum tuaj yeem hais qhov Simonet hu ua "dog luag". Tab sis nws suab li cas? Bekoff hais tias "Nws [dog luag] muaj qhov nqus pa thiab ua pa tawm," "Tsis tau kawm ntau, tab sis ntau hom ua. Koj siv nws ua ib qho kev caw tawm tsam lwm hom, lossis tsiaj ua nws thaum ua si. ”
Stelow hais ntxiv tias txoj kev ua si no feem ntau nrog cov lus qhia tias "dhau ntawm daim di ncauj raug rub rov qab, tus nplaig raug tso tawm thiab lub qhov muag tau kaw maj mam"… hauv lwm lo lus, tus dev luag nyav. Nws hais ntxiv tias qhov kev sib txuas yog tag nrho ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ua tau dog dig thiab lwm hom suab nrov. "Lub cev lus yuav tsum qhia tias nws yog kev caw mus ua si lossis ua si ntxiv, thiab tsis yog lwm cov lus."
Sib nrug los ntawm Simonet txoj haujlwm, Bekoff piav qhia tias muaj lwm yam kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg uas muab cov lus qhia rau peb txog cov hav zoov no. “Muaj qee qhov kev tshawb fawb nruj heev uas qhia tias nas luag. Nws hais tias "Thaum koj saib cov ntaub ntawv kaw tseg, nws zoo li lub suab luag ntawm tib neeg," nws hais. Nws kuj hais txog Jaak Panksepp, tus kws kho mob neurobiologist uas nws txoj kev tshawb fawb nto moo tshaj plaws tau pom tias thaum nas nas, lawv tawm suab uas cuam tshuam nrog tib neeg luag. Thiab muaj cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws ntawm cov tsis yog tib neeg primates, uas tau los rau tib lub ntsiab lus: lawv luag.
Tsis muaj ob tug dev zoo ib yam
Ib qho nyuaj txog kev txheeb xyuas tus dev ua tau luag yog tias txhua tus dev txawv. Stelow hais tias "Lub suab tiag tiag yog tus dev-dependant," hais tias Stelow.
Bekoff hais tias "Dub yog ib tus neeg zoo li tib neeg," Bekoff hais. "Kuv tau nyob nrog cov dev txaus kom paub tias txawm tias cov phooj ywg litter muaj tus kheej." Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov thaum ua ib qho kev thov txog dev feem ntau, nws sau tseg. "Qee tus neeg tau hais tej yam zoo li - dev tsis nyiam los puag." Zoo, qhov tsis muaj tseeb. “Qee tus dev tsis nyiam nws thiab qee tus dev ua. Thiab peb tsuas yog yuav tsum ua tib zoo saib seb tus dev xav tau dab tsi. ”
Txhua tus tswv tsev xav ua kom lawv tus dev zoo siab li sai tau. Tab sis txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj los ua qhov no yog kom paub tus dev thiab saib seb nws nyiam thiab tsis nyiam. Aub luag tsuas yog qhov taw qhia me me xwb. “Qee tus dev yeej tsis zoo siab dua li thaum lawv yuav tsum tau caum pob lossis khiav ntawm qhov chaw qhib. Lwm tus nyiam sib tw. Qee tus nyiam lub sijhawm hauv ncoo ntawm lub rooj zaum. Txawm tus dev nyiam dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ua kom nws "zoo siab", hais tias Stelow.
Tseem Muaj Ntxiv Los Tshawb Nrhiav
Thaum Simonet thiab lwm tus tau pib tshawb nrhiav "duab luag", Bekoff sau tseg tias muaj ntau yam haujlwm ntxiv uas yuav tsum tau ua kom paub txog lub suab thiab kev xav ntawm peb cov phooj ywg dev. Nws hais tias "Qhov kuv pom qhov zoo siab txog qhov no yog qhov peb paub ntau npaum li cas thiab peb tsis paub ntau npaum li cas," nws hais. "Tib neeg yuav tsum xyuam xim rau hom kev tshawb fawb uas tseem yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej lawv hais tias 'Auj, dev tsis ua qhov no lossis ua tsis tau qhov no.'