Nā Hana Manaʻo o nā ʻīlio

Kupaianaha ka ike o na ilio. ʻOi loa kona hiki ke honi i nā ʻala like ʻole. Ma ke ʻano he ʻīlio honi lāʻau a kanaka paha, waiwai nui ka ihu o ka ʻīlio a hoʻohana ʻia ma nā wahi he nui o ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā. Eia naʻe, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe o ka ʻīlio inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻomaopopo a ʻike hou i kāu ʻīlio.

He Manaʻo no ka Hana Manaʻo o nā ʻīlio

Hoʻonui nā ʻīlio i ko mākou ola a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou. Noho kokoke mākou me lākou akā ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻike i ke kaiapuni. Aia ke kumu o keia ma ko lakou manao. E like me nā kānaka, ʻelima ko lākou mau manaʻo - akā ua hoʻomohala ʻokoʻa lākou.

ike

Hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi loa o ka mālamalama. ʻO ka pōʻeleʻele o ke kaiapuni, hiki i nā ʻīlio maikaʻi ke ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa. ʻO ka tapetum lucidum ke kuleana o kēia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hiki i nā ʻīlio ke hoʻonui nui i kā lākou mau haumāna.

Hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻike i kekahi mau kala kala. No ka nele o lākou i ke ʻano o ka cone i loko o ka hale o ka maka, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻike i ka hue o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki iā lākou ke ʻike maikaʻi i nā leo violet, uliuli, melemele a me ke keʻokeʻo a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai kekahi. ʻO nā kala e like me ka ʻulaʻula, melemele, ʻalani, a ʻōmaʻomaʻo paha, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā ʻīlio. No ka laʻana, inā hoʻolei ʻoe i kahi mea pāʻani melemele ma ke kula ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i kāu ʻīlio ke ʻike iā ia akā hiki iā ia ke ʻimi iā ia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kona mau ʻike ʻē aʻe.

I ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ke hoʻopunipuni i ka ʻīlio. ʻIke ka ʻīlio i nā neʻe liʻiliʻi loa, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike maoli i kekahi manawa. ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻike i nā mea oni ʻole.

Hiki i ka ʻīlio ke hōʻino i ka makahiki a i ʻole ma muli o ka maʻi.

Listen

Hiki i nā ʻīlio ke lohe ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke kanaka. ʻAʻole pili ke ʻano o nā pepeiao (floppy/stick ears). ʻIke lākou i nā hawewe kani i ka lewa. Kū mau kēia i ka wā e neʻe ai nā ʻāpana i ka lewa. Inā komo nā nalu kani i loko o ka pepeiao o ka ʻīlio, haʻalulu ka puʻu pepeiao a hele ke kaʻina hana lohe maoli.

Hiki i nā ʻīlio ke lohe i ke alapine mai 20 Hz a i 50 kHz. Hōʻike pū kēia i ke kumu e hiki ai iā lākou ke lohe i nā ʻiole ma lalo o ka honua a i ʻole ka ʻauʻau maoli. Hōʻike ka Nature a me kāna honua holoholona i kahi leo kūwaho no kāu ʻīlio. Eia naʻe, ua paʻa ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā i nā ʻano leo like ʻole i ʻike ʻole ʻia iā mākou, inā ʻaʻole lohe ʻia. Akā ʻike ko mākou mau hoa wāwae ʻehā iā lākou. Eia, no ka laʻana, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia nā kukui mālama ikehu a i ʻole nā ​​pulupulu niho uila i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia. He hana kamahaʻo no nā ʻīlio ke pale aku i kēlā mau leo ​​hoʻopilikia a kānana i nā leo kikoʻī mai kēia hui ʻana o nā nalu kani.

ʻO ka nui o ka ʻōpala pepeiao, nā mite, ka maʻi pepeiao, a i ʻole ke ala hewa o ka makani hiki ke alakaʻi i ka nalowale o ka maikaʻi o ka lohe. ʻAʻole e poina: i ka wā ʻelemakule e emi ana ka hiki ke lohe.
honi
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻīlio honi ma mua o ko ke kanaka. E hāʻawi iā ʻoe i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi aʻe: Aia nā ʻīlio ma kahi o 220 miliona olfactory cell. ʻO mākou nā kānaka, ma kahi ʻē aʻe, aia ma waena o 5 a 10 miliona wale nō.

Hiki i nā ʻīlio ke hoʻololi i hope ma waena o ka hanu maʻamau a me ka honi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ke hanu ka ʻīlio, hiki iā ia ke kuhikuhi i ke kahe o ka ea ma o ka nasopharynx i ka māmā. I ka honi ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hanu ʻana i ke ʻala, ʻokoʻa ka puʻupuʻu hanu. Hiki i ka hoaaloha ʻehā ke hanu i ka lewa a hiki i 300 mau manawa i hoʻokahi minuke, e kuhikuhi ana i ka mucosa olfactory. Pono mau kēia i ka makū i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻala a no laila e nānā ʻia.

hoao

I nā ʻīlio, aia nā mea ʻono i ka mucous membrane o ke alelo. Noho lākou i loko o nā pūpū liʻiliʻi i kapa ʻia he ʻono. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka ʻike o ka ʻono, ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia mau ʻono. He ʻuʻuku loa ka ʻono o nā ʻīlio ma mua o ke kanaka. No ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi: Aia ma kahi o 1700 a 2000 nā ʻīlio ʻono, ʻoiai mākou nā kānaka ma kahi o 9000.

ʻEhā ʻano ʻono ʻono o nā ʻīlio. Hiki iā lākou ke ʻono i ka ʻono, ka ʻono-hua, ka ʻawaʻawa, ka ʻawaʻawa, a me ka ʻono-ʻono (i kapa ʻia ʻo "umami") a hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai kekahi i kekahi. Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana sensory ʻono like ʻole e pane i nā ʻano mea hoʻoulu. Nawaliwali loa ka ono o na mea paakai i na ilio.

Hoʻopā a hoʻopā

Loaʻa i ka ʻīlio nā pūnaewele naʻau a puni kona kino e pane aku i kēlā me kēia ʻano mea hoʻopā. ʻO kēia nā mea hoʻopā, ʻeha, a me nā mea hoʻokipa wela-anu. Aia i ka ʻīlio nā mea hoʻokipa ma loko o ke kino, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻōpū o loko a me nā ami pū kekahi. ʻAʻole wale ka maʻalahi o ka ʻili o ka ʻīlio, akā ʻo ke kapa pale pū kekahi. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia lauoho kēlā me kēia lauoho nā aʻa i kona aʻa, kahi e hiki ai i ka tactile sensitivity.

Loaʻa i nā ʻīlio ka mea i kapa ʻia he lauoho sinus. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lauoho kino ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kēia a noho hohonu. Loaʻa lākou ma ka maka o ka hoa wāwae ʻehā, a puni ka ihu a me ka waha, a ma ka maka a me ka lae.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā lauoho sinus i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma ke kino o ka ʻīlio. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau lauoho alakaʻi. Loaʻa iā lākou nā aʻa aʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku o kēia ma mua o ke koena o ka lauoho. Me ka lauoho sinus, hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻike a hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻopā ʻana, akā e like me ke ʻano o ka ea.

Hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻike a pane i nā māla electromagnetic me ko lākou hulu a me ka lauoho sinus. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kahua magnetic static o ka honua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mea loaʻa like ʻole.

ʻO ka naʻau o kā mākou ʻīlio he mea hoihoi loa. Kahaha pinepine lākou iā mākou i nā mea a lākou e ʻike ai a pane mai. Hiki i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i kou naʻau ponoʻī ma aneʻi ke wehe i kahi hiʻohiʻona hou i kāu ʻīlio ponoʻī.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mana ʻike o nā ʻīlio i ka makahiki ʻīlio

I ka hānau ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻomohala ʻia nā manaʻo a pau o ka ʻīlio, akā hiki iā ia ke ʻike i nā ʻano mea hoʻoulu i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka ulu ʻana o kekahi mau mea ʻike ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, hoʻololi ka lihilihi i kēia manawa i mea e hiki ai ke pale pono i ka pōkā maka. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua ʻoluʻolu wale nā ​​lihilihi. Ke ulu pū nei lāua i ka wā e holomua ana ka hāpai ʻana. Ma kahi o ʻelua pule ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, hāmama iki nā maka, a ma hope o nā pule he nui wale lākou e hiki ai i kā lākou hana piha.

Hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o ka lohe ma hope loa. Ma hope koke iho o ka hānau ʻana, paʻa mau nā ʻauwai pepeiao. ʻO ka hope, i ke kolu o ka pule, hoʻomaka mālie lākou e wehe. He mea kupanaha ka hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻike i ka lohe ʻana ma hope koke o ka hānau ʻana. Inā he leo nui ma kahi kokoke, haʻalulu iki ke poʻo o ka ʻīlio. Hoʻouna ʻia kēia mau mea i ke kino lohe. Hiki i ka ʻīlio ke loaʻa ka manaʻo o kēia kani. Hoʻomohala piha ka lohe ma hope o kekahi mau pule.

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka ʻeha, ke ʻano o ke kaulike, a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka mahana e ulu nei i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou i hana piha i laila, ke hana nei nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole.

Na Okana Manao

Ka pepeiao ʻīlio

Hiki ke māhele ʻia ka pepeiao ʻīlio i ʻekolu ʻāpana, ʻo ka mua ka pepeiao waho. Loaʻa kēia i ka auricle, ke aʻa auditory, a me ka hope o ka eardrum. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ipu pepeiao me ka mucous membrane a, ma hope o kahi ʻāpana kū pololei, huli i kahi ʻāpana ākea. Aia ma ka hope o kēia ʻāpana ākea ka eardrum, he membrane hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka nui ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻīlio. Ua uhi ʻia ka ʻāpana kū pololei o ka puʻu pepeiao i ka lauoho.

Aia ka lua o ka pepeiao ma ka pepeiao waena. He lua ia i piha i ka ea. ʻO kēia kahi e loaʻa ai nā ossicles auditory. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia lua i ka pharynx ma o ka paipu. Me kēlā me kēia ʻāleʻa, ua ventila ʻia kēia wahi ea.

ʻO ka pauku ʻekolu ka pepeiao o loko. Aia ka pilina ma waena o ka lua a me ka pepeiao i loko me kona mau keena ʻike ma o nā puka ʻelua. Ua kapa ʻia kēia wahi ʻo ka labyrinth. Aia ma laila ke kino lohe, i kapa ʻia ʻo Corti. Eia kekahi, aia nō ka ʻōkana kaulike ma laila.

ʻO ka ihu ʻīlio

ʻAʻole honi wale ka ʻala no ka ʻīlio. ʻElua mau ala e ʻike ai i nā ʻala. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma luna o kona ihu. Hanu ʻo ia i ka lewa me nā mea ʻala. ʻO kahi ʻōnaehana hana maikaʻi loa o nā moku maikaʻi e kahe ana i ka mucous membrane a me nā ʻili e hāʻawi ai i ka wai ke kumu no ka maʻalahi o ka lawe ʻana i nā molekala ʻala mai ka lewa. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā ʻīlio ke hoʻololi i waena o ka hanu ʻana a me ka honi ʻana.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā hoa wāwae ʻehā ke ʻike i nā pilau ma o kā lākou waha-olfactory organ, ka ʻōkana vomeronasal. Kapa ʻia ma hope o ka mea nāna i ʻike, ua kapa ʻia kēia okana ʻo Jacobson's organ. Noho ʻo ia ma ka ʻāʻī. Loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike olfactory mai ka waha ma kekahi lima a mai ka ihu ma kekahi. Eia naʻe, ʻo nā mea ʻala kaumaha wale nō e puka mai ana mai loko mai o ka lua waha ka mea hoʻoholo. Hele mai nā ʻāpana mai nā pheromones, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma o nā wai kino like ʻole. Ua ʻike paha ʻoe i ka haʻalulu kaulana o nā ʻauwae a me ka paʻi like ʻana me ka huʻa ʻana o ka ʻīlio kāne. I kēia hihia, ua ʻike ke kāne i ke ʻala o ka ʻupena.

ʻO ka maka ʻīlio

Ke hele nei ka mālamalama hanana i loko o ka cornea i loko o ke keʻena mua o ka maka. ʻO ka iris aia ma laila ka hana e hoʻoponopono i ka nui o ka mālamalama. Aia ma waenakonu o ka iris ka haumāna, he puka pōʻai. ʻAe kēia i nā kukuna māmā e hele i mua. Hoʻoponopono ka reflex i ka laulā a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka haumāna. Inā pōʻeleʻele, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka haumāna i mea ākea e hiki ai ke hopu i nā kukuna o ka mālamalama. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, hoʻoemi ʻia ka haumāna i hiki ke pale ʻia nā cell photoreceptor i ka mālamalama mālamalama.
Ma ka papa hou aʻe, hiki ke kukui i ka lens, kahi i hui pū ʻia ai nā kukuna kukui. Me ke kōkua ʻana o ke kino vitreous, hoʻopuka ʻia nā kukuna māmā i ka retina. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka curvature o ka lens, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi o ke kiʻi.

ʻOi aku i ka ʻike maka, aia nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kahua o ka ʻike. I nā ʻīlio me ka waha lōʻihi, ʻo ke kahua o ka ʻike he 270 degere. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, no nā ʻīlio me nā maka poepoe a palahalaha, he 220 degere wale nō. No ka hoʻohālikelike: me mākou nā kānaka, he 180 degere wale nō.

koena

ʻO ke kino kaulike ke kuleana o ke kaulike. Aia i loko o ka pepeiao a paʻakikī loa. Aia i ekolu paipu. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau mea i ka pōʻai a hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā paipu ma kahi kokoke i nā kihi ʻākau kekahi i kekahi. ʻO kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo e hiki ai ke ʻike i kekahi neʻe rotary.