Mary Allen
ʻAʻole nā holoholona hanohano a nani wale nō ka lio, akā he mau mea kōkua nui nō hoʻi lākou no nā tausani makahiki: Lawe lākou i nā kānaka ma kahi lōʻihi a lawe pū i nā ukana kaumaha.
ano
Pehea ke ano o na lio?
No nā lio i kapa ʻia he equid: ʻo kēia inoa e wehewehe ana i ka hiʻohiʻona maʻamau e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai nā holoholona māiʻuʻu ʻē aʻe a pau: ʻO ka manamana waena wale nō o ko lākou māiʻuʻu i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka māiʻuʻu hoʻokahi. ʻO nā koena liʻiliʻi wale nō i koe o nā cloves i koe. Nui a loloa ke poo o ka lio. Noho nā maka ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke poʻo a ua hana ʻia ka lehelehe luna i loko o nā puka ihu velvety.
He ʻano maʻamau ka mane a me ka huelo. ʻO nā wāwae lōʻihi ʻehā e holo wikiwiki nā lio. Hiki i ka lio heihei ke piʻi i 60 kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola. Ma muli o ke ʻano o lākou, hiki ke kūkulu ʻia nā lio i haiki loa e like me ka lio heihei a paʻa paha e like me ka lio hana.
Ma hea kahi e noho ai nā lio?
ʻO nā kūpuna pololei o ko mākou mau lio mai loko mai o Asia. I kēia mau lā, hoʻolaha ʻia nā lio a puni ka honua e nā kānaka. He holoholona steppe ma'ema'e ka lio. Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia lākou i ke ola ma ka steppe a holo a lele nā holoholona. Hiki ke loaʻa nā lio ʻohana hānai ma nā wahi a pau e noho ai nā kānaka.
He aha nā ʻano lio?
Aia i loko o ka ʻano o nā lio ʻelima mau subgenera: ʻO kēia ka zebra, ka zebra a Grevy, ka lio hihiu, ka hoki hihiu ʻĀsia, a me ka hoki hihiu ʻApelika. He ʻeono wale nō ʻano i ka huina, akā he nui nā ʻano subspecies. ʻO nā lio ʻāhiu ma mua o ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ʻo ia ka tarpan, ka lio Przewalski, a me ʻelua mau ʻano o ka lio hihiu o ʻEulopa. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka lio Urwild a i ʻole Przewalski ke kupuna o kā mākou lio hale. I kēia lā ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka pony Exmoor.
Nui nā ʻano ʻano lio i hānai ʻia e nā kānaka. Hoʻohui ʻia lākou i nā hui like ʻole: He kino lōʻihi ko Thoroughbreds a he poʻo haiki a he ʻuhane nui. ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻano hapalua i hoʻohele ʻia me nā lio mālie, e like me nā lio Trakehner a me nā Hanoverians. ʻO ke kolu o ka hui, ʻo ia nā lio huki: he mau lio hana ikaika me ke poʻo ikaika a me ka ʻāʻī ikaika. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano kaulana a kahiko loa o lākou ʻo ka French Ardennes.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua iho mai ka lio Solutré prehistoric a ua hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kiʻi a me ka lio kaua i ka wā kahiko o Roma. He 1.55 a 1.65 mika ko lākou kiʻekiʻe. E like me ka nui o nā lio huki, huluhulu lōʻihi ko lākou mau wāwae ma lalo. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kapa o nā lio, mai ka ʻeleʻele i ka beige a me ka ʻeleʻele i ke keʻokeʻo. Ua kapaia na lio keokeo he lio keokeo. Eia nō naʻe, hānau ʻia lākou he ʻeleʻele a lilo i keʻokeʻo i loko o ʻelua a ʻumikūmālua makahiki.
I kekahi manawa o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka waihoʻoluʻu, loaʻa i nā holoholona nā kikoʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā kiko pōʻai i ko lākou hulu - a laila kapa ʻia lākou he dapple grey. ʻO ka maʻamau, lilo lākou i keʻokeʻo loa me ka makahiki. Eia naʻe, mālama kekahi o lākou i kēia mau wahi no ke ola.
Ehia makahiki o na lio?
Me ka mālama pono a me ka mahiʻai kūpono i nā ʻano, hiki i nā lio hale ke ola ma kahi o 30 mau makahiki, ʻoi aku ka nui o kekahi. ʻO nā lio hihiu, ʻaʻole hiki i nā makahiki kiʻekiʻe.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka makahiki o ka lio ma ke ʻano o kona mau niho. Ma waena o nā makahiki ʻelua a me ka hapa a me ʻehā a me ka hapa, nalowale nā niho pēpē a loaʻa nā niho maoli o nā lio. Ma muli o ko lākou mau makahiki, loaʻa iā lākou nā helu like ʻole a me ka hohonu o nā indentations ʻeleʻele, kahi e hoʻohana ai nā connoisseurs lio e hoʻoholo i ko lākou mau makahiki.
Hana
Pehea ka noho ʻana o nā lio?
E like me nā equine a pau, ʻo nā lio nā holoholona pipi. Hāʻawi ke ola i loko o kahi pua i ka palekana i nā holoholona, ʻoiai ʻo nā lālā o ka pua e aʻo kekahi i kekahi i nā pōʻino. Hoʻohana lākou i ko lākou ʻono maikaʻi loa a me ka lohe e kōkua iā lākou. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻike maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka puaʻa e noho ana ma ka nahele he nui nā bipi wahine me kā lākou mau keiki, nā lio ʻōpiopio, a me ka lio kepau.
I kēlā me kēia ʻohana, aia kahi hierarchy pololei. He manaʻo maikaʻi loa ko nā lio. Nui nā moʻolelo e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lio i ko lākou ala hoʻi mai kahi mamao aku me ka ʻole o ka mea hoʻokele a me ke kaʻa.
Ma muli o ka nui o nā ʻike mōʻalihaku, ʻike nui ʻia ka mōʻaukala evolutionary o ka lio. Ua ʻike ʻia mai ʻAmelika ʻĀkau mai nā kūpuna kahiko o nā lio o kēia wā. Ua like ko lākou nui me ka ʻalopeke, akā e like me nā lio o kēia wā, ʻai lākou i ka mauʻu a hoʻololi ʻia i ke ola ma ka steppe.
Ua like loa ko lakou mau hope me ko makou mau lio a puka mai 10 a 3 miliona makahiki aku nei. Ua hele lōʻihi kēia mau holoholona a hiki i ʻAsia, ʻEulopa, a me ʻApelika ma o ke alahaka ʻāina i kēia manawa ma waena o ʻAsia a me ʻAmelika. Ua make lākou ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau ma kahi o 2.5 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei no ka emi ʻana o ke aniau ma laila.