Introduction: The Origin of the Word "Dog"

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio" kekahi o nā huaʻōlelo maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no nā hoa aloha ʻehā wāwae. Akā, ua noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe no hea mai kēia ʻōlelo? Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i ke kumu o ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio" a e ʻimi i kāna huakaʻi ma nā ʻōlelo a me nā moʻomeheu like ʻole.

Nā Aʻa Kahiko: Ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kumu o "Dog"

No ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kumu o ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio," pono mākou e hoʻi i hope i nā kaukani makahiki. ʻO ka hōʻike mua loa o nā ʻīlio hānai e pili ana i 15,000 mau makahiki i hala, i ka wā Paleolithic. Eia naʻe, hiki ke ʻimi ʻia ke kumu o ka huaʻōlelo ponoʻī.

Proto-Indo-European Influence on Canine Terminology

Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻōlelo ʻōlelo he kumu ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio" ma ka ʻōlelo Proto-Indo-European. ʻO kēia ʻōlelo kahiko, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kahi o 4,000 a 2,500 BC, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōlelo hou he nui. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo Proto-Indo-European no ka ʻīlio ʻo *ḱwṓn, i ulu aʻe i nā ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻohana ʻōlelo like ʻole.

ʻŌlelo ʻīlio ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania kahiko a me ka Germanic

Ma ka Old English, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio ʻo "docga" a i ʻole "dogga," i loaʻa mai ka huaʻōlelo Proto-Germanic "dukkon." Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mana Kelemānia ma nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe e pili ana e like me German ("Hund") a me Dutch ("hond").

ʻO ka pilina Latin: Canis a me kāna mau lālā

ʻO ka ʻōlelo Latina, ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe Roma kahiko, ua waiho pū i kona hōʻailona ma ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio." Ma ka ʻōlelo Latina, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio ʻo "canis," kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā huaʻōlelo e pili ana i nā ʻīlio ma nā ʻōlelo Romance like ʻole, e like me Italia ("cane") a me ka Pukiki ("cão").

ʻAi ʻaiʻē a me nā mana mai nā ʻōlelo Helene a me Celtic

Ua kōkua pū nā ʻōlelo Helene a me Celtic i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio." Ma ka ʻōlelo Helene, ʻo "kuón" ka huaʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio, ʻoiai ma nā ʻōlelo Celtic, e like me Irish a me Welsh, hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "madadh" a me "ci".

ʻO ka Canine Terminology ma nā ʻōlelo Romance: Palani a me Sepania

ʻO nā ʻōlelo Romance, i loaʻa mai ka ʻōlelo Latina, loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻano like ʻole o ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio." Ma ka ʻōlelo Palani, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio he "chien," aʻo ka ʻōlelo Paniolo, ʻo "perro." Hōʻike kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka loina ʻōlelo like ʻole i hana ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole.

Nā ʻōlelo pili i ka ʻīlio ma nā ʻōlelo Slavic a me Baltic

Loaʻa nā ʻōlelo Slavic a me Baltic i kā lākou ʻōlelo ponoʻī no ka ʻīlio. Ma ka ʻōlelo Lūkini, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio ʻo "собака" (sobaka), ʻoiai ma ka Lithuanian, ʻo "šuo." Hōʻike kēia mau huaʻōlelo ʻokoʻa i ka mana o kēia mau ʻohana ʻōlelo i nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻīlio.

Ke ʻimi nei i ka huaʻōlelo "Dog" ma nā ʻōlelo Scandinavian

Ma nā ʻōlelo Scandinavian, ʻokoʻa ka huaʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio. Ma Suedena, he "hund," ma Denemaka, he "hund," a ma ka olelo Norewai, he "hund." Hōʻike kēia mau mea like i nā huaʻōlelo ma nā ʻōlelo Scandinavian i kā lākou hoʻoilina linguistic like.

Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻohālikelike: ʻŌlelo ʻīlio ma nā ʻōlelo ʻĀsia

ʻOkoʻa ka ʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio ma nā ʻōlelo ʻAsia. Ma ka ʻōlelo Pākē, ʻo "狗" (gǒu) ka huaʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio, ma ka ʻōlelo Kepanī, ʻo "犬" (inu), a ma ka ʻōlelo Hindi, ʻo "कुत्ता" (kutta). Hōʻike kēia mau ʻokoʻa i ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻōlelo a me nā moʻomeheu ma waena o Asia.

ʻŌlelo ʻīlio ma nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi ʻAmelika a me nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi

Loaʻa i nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi ʻAmelika a me nā ʻōlelo ʻōiwi kā lākou mau huaʻōlelo kūʻokoʻa no ka ʻīlio. No ka laʻana, ma Navajo, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo no ka ʻīlio ʻo "łį́į́ʼ." Ua hoʻomohala kēia mau ʻōlelo i nā huaʻōlelo ʻokoʻa e hōʻike i nā ʻano moʻomeheu a me nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī o ko lākou mau kaiaulu.

The Global Spread: English English and Beyond

ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻōlelo Pelekania i ka wā colonial a me kona mana honua ma hope mai ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka lawe ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio" ma nā ʻōlelo he nui o ka honua. ʻOiai ma nā wahi ʻaʻole ka ʻōlelo Pelekania ka ʻōlelo mua, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio" ma muli o kona hele mau ʻana i ka moʻomeheu kaulana a me ka media.

I ka hopena, he huakaʻi hoihoi ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio" ma nā ʻōlelo a me nā moʻomeheu like ʻole. Mai kona mau aʻa kahiko ma Proto-Indo-European a hiki i kona mau ʻano like ʻole i nā ʻōlelo hou, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "ʻīlio" e hōʻike ana i ka momona waiwai o ka mōʻaukala kanaka a me ka pilina honua ma waena o nā kānaka a me kā lākou mau hoa ʻīlio.