Mary Allen
ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻīlio ma mua o nā ʻīlio hae - ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia ma ke anatomically. Makemake nā kānaka i nā holoholona e like me ka wikiwiki o ko lākou helehelena.
ʻO nā ʻīlio pulu, nā ʻīlio hauʻoli e paʻi i nā meaʻai, nā ʻīlio e kukuli ana i ka pahupaʻikiʻi ma lalo o ka wai, a i ʻole nā kiʻi hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano ʻīlio pākahi: nā kalena a me nā puke kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka maka o nā "hoaaloha maikaʻi" wāwae ʻehā o ke kanaka ma nā ʻano kūlana like ʻole. kūʻai kūleʻa. Ma hope o ka hoihoi o ka poʻe me nā helehelena ʻīlio, ʻo ia paha ke kamaʻilio kūʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻano ʻelua. ʻO ka nānā pinepine ʻana o nā kānaka a me nā ʻīlio i kekahi i kekahi i ka maka a kamaʻilio me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona helehelena e hoʻokaʻawale i ko lākou pilina ma waena o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā fiber nimble ka mea nui
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻīlio a me ko lākou puka ʻana i ka wā o ka home i kēia manawa ke kumuhana o nā haʻawina like ʻole. ʻO Anne Burrows lāua ʻo Kailey Olmstead mai Duquesne University ma Pennsylvania ke hoʻohui nei i kahi ʻāpana hou i ka puzzle. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Biologist a me anthropologist ʻo Burrows a me Omstead physiologist holoholona i ka māhele o ka lohi ("slow-twitch", Type I) a me ka wikiwiki ("fast-twitch", Type II) nā ʻiʻo ʻiʻo i loko o ʻelua mau ʻiʻo maka o nā ʻīlio, nā ʻīlio, a me nā kānaka. Immunohistochemical analysis of samples from the orbicularis oris muscle and the zygomaticus major muscle - nā ʻiʻo o ka waha - ua hōʻike ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka "wikiwiki" fibers i loko o nā ʻiʻo i nā ʻīlio no 66 a 95 pakeneka, ʻoiai ka hapa o ko lākou mau kūpuna. nā ʻīlio hae, ua hiki wale i ka awelika o 25 pakeneka.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻiʻo o ka ʻiʻo ma ka maka o ka ʻīlio, ua like ia me ke ʻano o nā ʻiʻo maka o ke kanaka. Hoʻoholo ʻo Burrows lāua ʻo Olmstead i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana home, makemake nā kānaka me ka ʻike a ʻike ʻole paha i ka poʻe me nā hiʻohiʻona maka wikiwiki.
Anatomy o ka "'īlio nana"
Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa i nā kūpuna ʻīlio kekahi mau mea e pono ai no nā hiʻohiʻona nimble ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā holoholona ʻē aʻe - ua hōʻike ʻia kēia e kahi hui i alakaʻi ʻia e Burrows i 2020 i ka makasina loea "The Anatomical Record". ʻAʻole like me nā pōpoki, nā ʻīlio, a me nā ʻīlio hae, no laila, loaʻa kahi papa o nā ʻiʻo pili ma waena o nā ʻiʻo maka a me ka ʻili. Loaʻa i nā kānaka kekahi papa fiber, i kapa ʻia ʻo SMAS (superficial musculoaponeurotic system). Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻiʻo mimic maoli, ua manaʻo ʻia he kumu koʻikoʻi no ka neʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke alo o ke kanaka a hiki iā ia ke kōkua pū i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻīlio.
He paʻi i loko o ka Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, kahi i hōʻike ʻia e kahi hui a puni ʻo Burrows i ka makahiki 2019 he ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā ʻīlio no ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana i ka ʻāpana medial o ka maka ma mua o nā ʻīlio, i hoʻopuka i ka uhi media koʻikoʻi. Hoʻokumu kēia i ka "like ʻīlio" maʻamau e hoʻāla i ka ʻano mālama i ke kanaka.
Nā nīnau i nīnau pinepineʻia
He aha ka manaʻo o ka ʻīlio?
Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe loea evolutionary i ke kaomi koho i hana i ke ʻano ʻīlio maʻamau: Ua mālama paha ka poʻe i nā ʻīlio i ʻoi aku ka ʻeha o ka naʻau a ʻoi aku ka ikaika, no laila ua makemake ʻia lākou. A no laila ua paʻa ka ʻiʻo kuʻemaka ma ke ʻano he pono ola.
No hea mai ka ilio?
Manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi ua ulu kēia mau ʻīlio i loko o ka hana ʻana i nā ʻīlio hae. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona ʻīlio maʻamau e nānā nā holoholona i nā kamaliʻi. Eia kekahi, ua like lākou me ke kanaka kaumaha, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka manaʻo pale i loko o ke kanaka.
No ke aha he kuʻemaka ko nā ʻīlio?
He mea koʻikoʻi nā kuʻemaka o ke kamaʻilio ʻana a ua hoʻokomo nā ʻīlio i kēlā. ʻO mākou, nā kānaka, kamaʻilio nui me nā ʻīlio ma o ka nānā ʻana. Ke poho ka ʻīlio, nānā ʻo ia i ke kanaka ma ka maka, ma ka piko o ka maka e pololei.
Pehea ka ike ana o ka ilio?
ʻIke nā ʻīlio i nā waihoʻoluʻu i ka polū-violet a me ka melemele-'ōmaʻomaʻo. No laila, nele lākou i ka ʻike o ke kala ʻulaʻula - hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi kanaka ʻulaʻula-'ōmaʻomaʻo-makapō. Nui nā iʻa a me nā manu, akā ʻo nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, ʻehā ʻano ʻano cones, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kala ma mua o mākou!
He manaʻo manawa ka ʻīlio?
ʻO kahi mea koʻikoʻi e hāʻawi i nā ʻīlio i kahi hoʻolālā no ko lākou manaʻo o ka manawa ʻo kā lākou biorhythm. E like me ka nui o nā mammals, ola nā ʻīlio e like me ka puʻupuʻu circadian: haʻi ko lākou kino iā lākou i ka wā e hiki ai iā lākou ke hana a me ka wā e pono ai lākou e hoʻomaha no kahi 24 mau hola.
No ke aha kaumaha loa kuʻu ʻīlio?
Hōʻike kekahi mau ʻīlio i nā ʻano e hōʻike ana ua kaumaha lākou ke make ka mea aloha a ʻaʻole paha i laila. Hoʻokipa nui nā ʻīlio i ka ʻōlelo a me ke ʻano o ke kino kanaka a hiki ke apo i ko mākou kaumaha ma hope o ka nalowale ʻana o kekahi mea kūikawā.
Hiki i ka ʻīlio ke uē pono?
ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻīlio ke uē no ke kaumaha a me ka hauʻoli. Akā hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokahe i ka waimaka. ʻO nā ʻīlio, e like me ke kanaka, he mau waimaka e mālama i ka maka. Lawe ʻia ka wai nui ma o nā auwai i loko o ka lua ihu.
Hiki i ka ʻīlio ke ʻakaʻaka?
Ke hōʻike nā ʻīlio i nā niho, manaʻo nui ka poʻe he ʻano hoʻoweliweli mau kēia. Akā ʻo ka mea a ka poʻe ʻīlio ʻīlio i manaʻoʻiʻo ai i kēia manawa ua hōʻoia pū ʻia e ka noiʻi: hiki i nā ʻīlio ke ʻakaʻaka.