Mary Allen
ʻAʻole nānā wale ka axolotl i ka nani a me ka maʻamau; ʻO ka Mexican salamander kekahi mau mana enviable: hiki iā ia ke hana hou i nā lālā a me nā ʻāpana o ke kuamoʻo i loko o kahi mau pule.
ʻO ka Axolotl - he salamander Mekiko e ola ana i ka hapa nui o kona ola i ka wai. He mea ʻē ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me ka ʻike koke. Kahi ma waena o ka newt, salamander, a me ka tadpole. No ka mea, noho mau ia i ka pae larva i kona ola ʻana akā e lilo mau ana i ke kino. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo neoteny.
Piʻi ka axolotl a hiki i 25 kenimika ka nui a hiki i 25 mau makahiki. Ua ola ka amphibian ma kahi o 350 miliona mau makahiki, akā ma nā helu liʻiliʻi wale nō: i kēia manawa ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hoʻohālike e noho ana i loko o nā hale hana ma mua o ka nahele.
Pehea ka lōʻihi o ke ola o kahi axolotl?
ʻO ke ola ma ka awelika - 10-15 mau makahiki. Ka waihoʻoluʻu a me nā hiʻohiʻona - kekahi mau ʻano pigmentation i ʻike ʻia, me ka ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, albino, hina, a me ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula; nā ʻōpuʻu gill waho a me ka ʻūhā hope i ka hopena o ka neoteny. Ka heluna kanaka hihiu – 700-1,200 ma kahi o.
ʻEhia makahiki o nā axolotls i loko o ka aquarium?
ʻO ka awelika o ke ola ma kahi o 15 mau makahiki. Ua ʻike ʻia nā holoholona i ka hiki ʻana i ka makahiki Methuselah o 25. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi o ka makahiki ma kahi o ʻewalu a ʻumi makahiki.
Hiki i nā axolotls ke ola no 100 mau makahiki?
Noho maʻamau ʻo Axolotls i 10-15 mau makahiki i ke pio ʻana, akā hiki iā lākou ke ola no nā makahiki he 20 ke mālama maikaʻi ʻia lākou. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka axolotl mua loa akā hiki i ko lākou mau makahiki ke kāhāhā iā lākou i ka lilo ʻana i mau holoholona maʻamau e like me kekahi mau ʻano salamander he mau ola lōʻihi loa (ʻoi aku ma lalo!)
ʻO Axolotl: ka moʻo wai me nā gills
ʻO ka inoa "axolotl" mai ka Aztecs a ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi mea e like me "monster wai". ʻO ka holoholona, a hiki i 25 kenimika ka lōʻihi, hana i kahi manaʻo maluhia. Aia ma ka ʻaoʻao hema a me ka ʻākau o ka ʻāʻī nā ʻāpana gill, kahi i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi mau ʻano i ke kala a me ke ʻano o nā lāʻau liʻiliʻi.
Hiki ke ulu hou nā wāwae o ke axolotl a me ke kuamoʻo
A ʻo kekahi mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻokalakupua ai ka holoholona: inā nalowale ka wāwae, e ulu hou ia i loko o kekahi mau pule. Hiki iā ia ke hana hou i nā ʻāpana o ke kuamoʻo a me ka ʻiʻo retinal ʻeha. ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike i ke kumu e hiki ai i ka axolotl ke hoʻoulu hou i nā lālā holoʻokoʻa me ka iwi, ka ʻiʻo a me nā aʻalolo. Akā ua hele nā kānaka ʻepekema ma ke ala no kekahi manawa a ua wehewehe mua i ka ʻike genetic holoʻokoʻa o ka axolotl.
He ʻumi manawa ʻoi aku ka DNA ma mua o ke kanaka
ʻO ka ʻike kikoʻī holoʻokoʻa o ka axolotl he 32 billion base pairs a no laila ua ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi ka nui o ka genome kanaka. No laila ʻo ka genome o ka amphibian ka genome nui loa i wehewehe ʻia a hiki i kēia lā. ʻO kahi hui i alakaʻi ʻia e ka mea noiʻi ʻo Elly Tanaka mai Vienna, Heidelberg a me Dresden i loaʻa i kekahi mau genes e kū wale ana ma ka axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) a me nā ʻano amphibian ʻē aʻe. Ke hana nei kēia mau genes i loko o ka ʻiʻo e hana hou ana.
"Loaʻa iā mākou ka palapala genetic i ka lima e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻohana e aʻo pehea e ulu hou ai nā hale paʻakikī - nā wāwae, no ka laʻana."
ʻO Sergei Nowoshilov, ka mea kākau o ka noiʻi, i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai 'Nature' ma Ianuali 2018.
Ua wehewehe ʻia ka genome axolotl a pau
Ma muli o kāna mau waiwai, ʻo ka axolotl ke kumuhana o ka noiʻi ʻana ma kahi o 150 mau makahiki. ʻO kekahi o nā kolo axolotl nui loa e mālama ʻia ma ka Molecular Pathology Laboratory ma Vienna. ʻOi aku ma mua o 200 mau mea noiʻi e hana i ka noiʻi biomedical kumu ma kēia kula.
Hoʻokani nā genes Axolotl i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana a PacBio e ʻike i nā kikoʻī lōʻihi o ka genome, ua wehewehe ʻia ka genome axolotl. Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻano ulu nui a pālahalaha loa - "PAX3" - ua nalowale loa i ka axolotl. Lawe ʻia kāna hana e kahi gene pili i kapa ʻia ʻo "PAX7". Hoʻokani nā genes ʻelua i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻiʻo a me ke aʻalolo. I ka wā lōʻihi, pono e hoʻomohala ʻia kahi noi no nā kānaka.
ʻAʻohe axolotl i koe i ka nahele
He mea paʻakikī ke koho ʻana i ka nui o nā axolotl i loko o ka nahelehele - ua kau kekahi mau mea noiʻi i ka helu ma kahi o 2,300, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Ma waena o 2009 a me 700 wale nō nā kope i koho ʻia mai ka makahiki 1,200. Ma muli o ka haumia nui o ka noho ʻana o nā holoholona ma Mekiko, no ka mea makemake lākou e noho i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe kahi e holoi ʻia ai kā mākou ʻōpala. Akā i nā ʻano iʻa malihini i hoʻolauna ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka protein i ka heluna kanaka. ʻOiai makemake ka carp e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hua, hoʻouka nā cichlids i nā axolotl ʻōpio.
Ke emi nei ka ʻokoʻa o nā gene Axolotl i ka lab
Noho nā mea hoʻohālike hope loa ma Lake Xochimilco a me kekahi mau loko liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe ma ke komohana o Mexico City. Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka axolotl i ka pōʻino mai ka makahiki 2006. Nui a nui aʻe nā mea hoʻohālike e noho nei i loko o nā aquariums, laboratories, a me nā keʻena hānai ma mua o ka nahele. Ua hānai ʻia kekahi no nā hale ʻaina ma Iapana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka noiʻi. Ke emi nei ka gene pool i ka manawa, no ka mea, hui pinepine nā ʻano me lākou iho. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia inā loaʻa nā ʻano axolotls e like me ko lākou ʻohana ma ke ʻano.
Ke mālama nei i kahi axolotl i loko o kahi aquarium
Ma Mekikoka, kona ʻāina hānau, kaulana loa ka axolotl ma ke ʻano he holoholona, kokoke i mahalo ʻia. ʻO ka mea makemake e lawe i nā amphibians liʻiliʻi i loko o ko lākou mau pā ponoʻī ʻehā hiki ke hana maʻalahi no ka mea he paʻa a kūpaʻa lākou. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole like me nā salamander ʻē aʻe, pono lākou i kahi aquarium a ʻaʻohe "ʻāpana ʻāina". Mai nā keiki mai lākou a pau, ua kapu loa ka lawe ʻana iā lākou mai ka nahelehele. Makemake lākou i ka mahana wai o 15 a 21 degere Celsius, i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ke anuanu. A laila hiki iā lākou ke ola maikaʻi mai nā maʻi. Inā makemake ʻoe e mālama pū me nā axolotl ʻē aʻe, a laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me nā conspecifics o ka nui like. ʻAi nui lākou i nā meaʻai ola e like me nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā ʻōpala, a me nā pāpaʻi liʻiliʻi.